Interrogative pronouns or questions in French. A pronoun - instead of a name and instead of a thousand words! French interrogative pronouns

INTERROGATIFS INTERROGATIFS

Simple interrogative pronouns - Les pronoms interrogatifs simples

Qui frappe à la porte? - Who knocking on the door?

Qui me cherche? - Who is he looking for me?

Quiêtes-vous? - Who You?

Qui est-ce? - Who This?

Qui cherchez-vous? - Whom you are looking for?

Qui attend-il? - Whom he is waiting?

De qui parlez-vous? - Who are you talking about?

À qui Faut-il s'adresser? - Who should I contact?

Avec qui partez-vous? - Who are you leaving with?

Que desirez-vous? - What You want?

Que faire? - What do?

Que devenez-vous? - What what happened to you?

Que se passet-il? - What happening?

À quoi pensez-vous? - About what you think?

De quoi parle-t-il? - About what He says?

Sur quoi comptezvous? - For what are you counting?

Quoi repondre? - What answer?

L'avez-vous vu? - Qui ?
Have you seen him? - Whom?

Tu as entendu? - Quoi ?
You heard? - What?

Compound interrogative pronoun "lequel" - Le pronom relatif composé "lequel"

level,
laquelle,
lesquels,
lesquelles.

auquel,
à laquelle,
auxquels,
auxquelles;
duquel,
de laquelle,
desquels,
desquelles.

- Lequel d'entre vous desire me parler?
- Who of you wants to talk to me?

- Laquelle de ces deux robes préfères-tu?
- Which Which of these two dresses do you prefer?

- Avec lesquels de tes camarades pars-tu?
- WITH by whom Are you leaving your comrades?

Interrogative pronouns- these are special words that are used in interrogative constructions. In Russian these are words: who, what, how, which, etc. In French, the following types of interrogative pronouns are distinguished:

• simple interrogative pronouns
• strengthened interrogative pronouns
• compound interrogative pronouns

A feature of the French language is the presence of strengthened interrogative pronouns, in which simple interrogative pronouns qui And que accompanied by turnover est-ce que. Questions with such phrases are used more often in spoken French, gradually replacing simple interrogative pronouns.

Qui?- Who?

Qui refers to persons and can perform the following functions in a sentence:

- subject:

Qui entre? -Who's coming in?

Qui parle? - Who's talking?

- the nominal part of the predicate:

Qui etes-vous? -Who you are?

- direct object:

Qui invutes-tu? -Who are you inviting?

Qui with a preposition acts as an indirect object and can only replace names of persons:

Avec qui travaillez-vous? -Who do you work with?

Pour qui travaillons-nous? -Who do we work for?

De qui parlez-vous? -Who are you talking about?

A qui pense-t-elle? -Who is she thinking about?

In colloquial speech:

- qui est-ce qui- question to the subject:

Qui est-ce qui est entré? -Who came in?

- qui est-ce que - question to the direct object:

Qui est-ce que je vois? -Who do I see?

Que? - What?

Que refers to objects and performs the following functions in a sentence:

- the nominal part of the predicate:

Que devenez-vous? - What happened to you?

- direct object:

Que desirez-vous? - What do you want?

- additions to an impersonal verb:

Que se passe-t-il? - What's happening?

In colloquial speech:

- qu"est-ce qui - question to an inanimate subject:

Qu"est-ce qui s"est passé? - What's happened?

- qu"est-ce que - a question to a direct object expressed by a noun denoting an inanimate object:

Qu"est-ce que je vois? - What do I see?

Qu"est-ce que vous faites là? - What are you doing here?

Compound interrogative pronoun level- which one?, which one? changes in number and gender. It forms with prepositions à And de fused forms.

Complex interrogative pronouns are used in cases when we are talking about choosing one object (person) from several (which of...?). In a sentence, complex interrogative pronouns can act as subjects, direct and indirect objects, as well as circumstances:

Avec lesquels de tes camarades pars-tu? -Which of your comrades are you leaving with?

Laquelle de ces deux robes préfères-tu? —Which of these two dresses do you prefer?

Lequel d'entre vous desire me parler? -Which of you wants to talk to me?

Personal pronouns in French are another important topic for travelers. You will probably need to say something about yourself, about someone, to explain that “you” or “we” need it.

Video with pronunciation of French pronouns.

Look at the table, it's quite small.

You see not only the full form of the pronouns, but also the abbreviated one. We recommend that all tourists learn at least the French pronouns “I”, “we”, “you” and “they”. The rest are not needed very often.

Where do tourists need French pronouns? Perhaps most of all - in everyday conversations. After all, at the border, no one will find fault with grammar, but if you want to communicate with your interlocutor, you will have to somehow explain who you are talking about.

French pronouns: table of possessives

French possessive pronouns are needed when you explain the ownership of a thing. “Is this your suitcase?” - the customs officer may ask. “This is not my bag,” you will answer if there is a mistake. "Where is my stuff?" – you ask the receptionist.

In general, possessive pronouns are really needed in everyday life. In French, possessive pronouns are used slightly differently than in Russian. There they depend on the number of owners.

As you can see, there are quite a lot of possessive pronouns in French. Please note: you will most likely need “mine”, “ours”, “mine”, “yours”. Please ask questions if you have any. Feel free to print or rewrite the signs and take them with you. The French will not be offended if you take out your “cheat sheets”, and you will feel more confident. French pronouns are a complex topic, so you may want to save this for last.

French phrasebook for tourists.

Have a nice trip to France!

A pronoun is an independent part of speech that is used instead of an adverb, or a numeral, adjective and noun, or indicates its relationship to other phenomena and objects without naming them.

French pronouns are divided into categories: indefinite (pronoms indéfinis), relative (pronoms relatifs), interrogative (pronoms interrogatifs), possessive (pronoms possessifs), personal (pronoms personnels) and demonstrative (pronoms démonstratifs).

Indefinite pronouns have independent use. Such pronouns provide only a general idea of ​​the quantity and quality of the nouns for which they serve as definitions. Indefinite pronominal adjectives are singular and plural: tout, -e (all, all) in the plural tous (all masculine) and toutes (all feminine), tel, -le (such, such) - tels (such masculine ) and telles (feminine), même (the same, the same) - mêmes (the same), quelque (which, which) - quelques (which, several), autre (different, different) - autres ( others), aucun, -e (none, some, none, some) - aucuns (some masculine) and aucunes (some feminine). Only in the plural are plusieurs (many) used, and only in the singular - chaque (each, each). Indefinite pronouns in the singular tout (all) in the plural become tous, toutes (everyone, they are all), quelqu"un,une (someone) becomes quelques-uns,-unes (some, anyone). Only in the singular The indefinite pronouns used are aucun, -e (nobody), tout le monde (everyone), rien (nothing, nothing), quelque chose (something, anything), personne (nobody) and chacun, -e (everyone, each).

Function performed French relative pronouns, the same as for Russian relative pronouns: they connect the main clause and the subordinate clause. For example, as in the sentence Nous avons un ami, qui travaille tout le temps (We have a friend who works all the time.) Relative pronouns can be simple or complex. Simple ones are où, dont, que, quoi, qui, which do not change. The French compound relative pronouns lesquelles, laquelle, lequel and lesquels vary in number and gender. They were formed by the merger of quel, a pronominal adjective, and the definite articles of the feminine, masculine and plural. Both parts of such a pronoun are written together, although each part changes in number and gender.

Interrogative French pronouns- these are all simple relatives, except où and dont. The interrogative Qui can only be applied to persons, and it can be a nominal part of the predicate, a direct or indirect object, or a subject. The interrogative Que is a nominal part of the predicate, or an object, and refers only to inanimate objects. Quoi can also only be classified as inanimate objects. It is used as an indirect object and is written together with a preposition. Complex relative pronouns, except duquel, are also interrogative. In sentences they act as a circumstance, an indirect or direct object and a subject. Colloquial speech is full of interrogative phrases, which always come first in sentences, and after which there is no inversion. Interrogative pronouns act in such phrases as objects and subjects, where the question is asked about objects or persons.

In linguistics, a pronoun is a part of speech that indicates an object or feature, but does not name it. A pronoun can replace a noun, adjective, adverb or numeral. In Indo-European languages, approximately the same categories or types of pronouns are distinguished. In the article, this part of speech will be considered in relation to the French language.

Pronoun grades

Typically, the following types of pronouns are distinguished in French:

• interrogative;
• personal;
• relative;
• index;
• possessive;
• undefined.

Each of these groups must be considered separately.

Personal pronouns

This category of pronouns belongs to the grammatical category of person. In French, as in Russian, there are 3 persons:

• First person: I, we;
• Second person: you, you;
• Third person: he, she, they.

Numbers in French can be singular or plural. As for the category of gender, the French distinguish only masculine and feminine genders. There is no neuter category.

Personal pronouns in French are divided into independent (stressed) and verbal (unstressed).

In the second case, pronouns replace the subject. They are unstressed and form a common rhythm group with the verb, which is why they are called “unstressed.”

Table of personal unstressed French pronouns:

The translation corresponds to the Russian paradigm.

Examples of use:

• Je veux une pomme. - I want an apple.
• Tu es très belle. - You are very beautiful.
• Il veut visiter Marseille. - He wants to visit Marseille.
• Elle va au stade. - She's going to the stadium.
• Nous sommes étudiante à l "université. - We are university students.
• Ils reviennent tard. - They come back late.

Independent pronouns in French have stress and are not attached to the verb.

Examples of use:

• Qui veut une pomme? - Moi. - Who wants an apple? - I.
• Je suis heureux, et toi? - I'm happy, and you?
• Moi, la acheter? - Should I buy it?

Among the pronouns in French, one can separately distinguish the indefinite personal pronoun on. It is not translated into Russian and agrees with the verb in the third person and singular. The Russian version of the translation uses an indefinite personal sentence:

• On dit elle est malade. - They say she is sick.

A separate case is the use of the pronoun soi. It is used instead of lui and elle in sentences with the pronoun on and in the verb construction il faut.

Reflexive pronouns

In fact, reflexive pronouns are personal. It is important to mention this category of pronouns, as their incorrect use can completely distort the meaning of a sentence.

Reflexive pronouns are used with so-called reflexive verbs: wash, comb your hair, get hurt, get scared, get dressed, and so on.

The reflexive pronouns are as follows: me, te, se (for the singular), nous, vous, se (for the plural).

Examples of using reflexive verbs and pronouns:

• Je me love. - I wash my face.
• Il s"habille. - He is getting dressed.

Demonstrative pronouns

This type is used when replacing repeated nouns.

Simple demonstrative pronouns in French:

• celui - that;
• celle - that;
• ce - that;
• ceux - those (masculine);
• celles - those (feminine).

Examples of use:

• Les livres de Michel sont trop difficiles, ceux de Julliette sont interessantes. - Michelle's books are too difficult, Juliette's books are interesting.
• Regardez ces fleurs et achetez celles qui vous voulez. - Look at these flowers and buy the ones you want.

There are also complex forms of pronouns in this language.

• Quelle fleur voulez-vous: celle-ci ou celle-là? - Which flower do you want - this one or that one?

Relative pronouns

This type of pronouns in the French language determines the relationship of the object to the owner.

Relative pronouns are also divided into two groups:

• simple: qui (who), que (what, which), quoi (what), dont (which), où (which).

Le livre que je lis est interessante. - The book I am reading is interesting.

L"homme qui est assis près de la fenêtre s"appele Marcel. - The man sitting by the window is called Marcel.

• complex: lequel (which), laquelle (which), lesquels (which, m.r.), lesquelles (which, f.r.).

La fille avec laquel je parle est ma soeur. - The girl I'm talking to is my sister.

Possessive pronouns

Replace a noun with a related possessive adjective. In French, possessive pronouns must be preceded by the definite article. They also agree in gender and number with the noun they refer to.

Examples of use:

• Voilà ma veste, où est la tienne? - Here's my jacket, where's yours?
• C"est ton livre, et c"est le mien. - This is your book, and this is mine.
• C"est votre stylo, où est le mien? - This is your pen, where is mine?

Indefinite pronouns

This type of French pronouns includes pronouns that give a general idea of ​​the subject. Most of them are combined with a verb in the 3rd person, singular. There are quite a lot of indefinite pronouns in French; only a few are given in the article.

Examples of use:

• Elle aime lire Dumas, Hugo, de Maupassant et autres. - She loves to read Dumas, Hugo, Maupassant and others.
• Chacun veut visiter Musée du Louvre. - Everyone wants to visit the Louvre Museum.
• Je n'ai vu rien. - I didn't see anything.

Interrogative pronouns

This type of pronouns is no different formally from relative pronouns and is also divided into simple and complex.

Examples of use:

• Que veut-il? - What does he want?
• Qui parle? - Who's talking?
• Lequel choisis-tu? -Which one will you choose?

Direct and indirect pronouns

In French there is a concept of direct and indirect object. An object is a member of a sentence that appears in any case other than the nominative after a verb.

The direct object in French does not require a preposition in front of it. For example:

• Elle lit un journal. - She is reading a newspaper.

The object "newspaper" is attached directly to the verb and does not have a preposition. Therefore it is direct.

An indirect object usually comes after the verb and requires a preposition before it. Usually it answers the question “à qui?”, “à quoi?”.

• Je parle à ma soeur. - I am talking with Sister.

In this example, "sister" is an indirect object of the verb.

Direct and indirect objects are replaced respectively by direct and indirect pronouns in French. They must always agree in gender and number with the noun they replace.

Pronouns to replace the direct object:

Examples of use:

• Je mange la pomme. - Je la mange. - I am eating an apple. - I eat it.
• Il met sa veste. - Il la met. - He puts on his jacket. - He puts it on.
• Marcel lit-il ce journal? - Il le lit. - Does Marcel read this newspaper? - He's reading it.
• Aimes-tu les fleurs? - Je les aimes. - Do you like these flowers? - I love them.

Pronouns that replace indirect objects are similar to those that replace direct objects, differing only in the third person singular and plural form:

Examples of use:

Je donne le cadeau à ma soeur. - Je lui donne. - I'm giving a gift to my sister. - I give it to her.

Je parle à mes amis. - Je leur parle. - I'm talking to my friends. - I'm talking to them.

Important! The order of pronouns following each other is fixed in French.

Main conclusions from the article:

• in a French sentence, the pronoun performs the same syntactic role as in most Indo-European languages ​​(including Russian);
• French pronouns are divided into personal, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, indefinite and possessive;
• direct and indirect objects (and pronouns) differ by the presence or absence of a preposition before them;
• Careful and competent use of pronouns is one of the indicators of the level of language proficiency.