Unified State Exam Russian. Argument bank

(1) What is classic literature? (2) What is classical Russian music? (3) What is Russian painting, in particular the Wanderers? (4) And this, among other things, is also the Russian intelligentsia and intelligence, from which came the creators who were able to express the mindset, aspirations and everything that we call the spiritual world of the people.

(5) A person who calls himself an intellectual, thereby took on very clear moral obligations. (6) The measure of intelligence was not only beliefs, and morality, and creativity as such, but also actions.

(7) A person who insulted a servant, an unfamiliar passer-by, a peasant who came to the market, a beggar, a shoemaker, a conductor was not accepted in an intelligent environment, they turned away from him, but the same person who pissed off his superiors aroused complete confidence.

(8) Careerism was not encouraged in any way, but in some cases it was tolerated: if a careerist “did not forget the poor and his own dignity,” this was approximately the rule.

(9) Enrichment was despised, especially in cases where the rich man did not provide material assistance to anyone. (10) It was not a shame to come to a rich man, if not with a demand, then with an insistent request to donate to such and such social and good needs.

(11) Precisely because intelligence provided for the morality of an act and a way of life, it was not a class, and Count Tolstoy was an intellectual, and an artisan was him.

(12) The Code of Intelligence was never written anywhere, but it was understandable to everyone who wanted to understand it. (13) Whoever understood him knew what was good and what was bad, what was allowed and what was not.

(According to S. Zalygin)

Introduction

Sometimes it is difficult to clearly define what intelligent behavior is and what is the opposite of it. How does an intelligent person differ from the general mass? Are there any special rules for a person to become intelligent? Writers, sociologists and philosophers have been thinking about this for more than one generation.

Problem

The problem of intelligence is also raised by the Russian writer-publicist S. Zalygin. He tries to correlate the very concept of intelligence and its embodiment in the life of society.

A comment

The author asks what Russian literature, music, painting are, inseparably linking these concepts with the intelligentsia and intelligence, which helped the masters of words and painting express the peculiarities of the world around them, the inner aspirations of the common people.

Further, the author tells about the high moral responsibility of a person who calls himself an intellectual. The main measure of intelligence is not only beliefs, morality or creativity, but also actions. A person who offends the disadvantaged and needy was not accepted in an intelligent environment. At the same time, the person who shouted at his superiors evoked trusting respect.

Thirst for profit and career growth were not welcomed, especially if the person did not help the disadvantaged. It was very important not to lose one's own dignity and donate to public needs.

Author's position

S. Zalygin says that the code of intelligence has never been written, but is clear to everyone. Anyone who has understood the very essence of intelligence knows what is good, what is bad, what can and cannot be done.

Intelligence does not depend on a person's social affiliation, it is a special inner quality.

Your position

I agree with the author that intelligence is not education, talent or morality. These are all the listed features, which have developed in a special way into a single internal state that does not allow a person to lose his own dignity and humiliate the dignity of others.

Argument 1

The surrounding intelligence is assessed by a person's ability to behave in various situations, in a society of people. Another important criterion of intelligence is spirituality. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" presents us with true intelligence in the person of one of the main characters - Andrei Bolkonsky.

Prince Andrew is a strong, strong-willed man, intelligent, educated, possessing deep patriotic feelings, mercy and spirituality. High society with its cynicism and lies repels Bolkonsky. Gradually abandoning the rules by which high society lives, Andrei is trying to find happiness in hostilities.

Having passed the hard way on the battlefields, the hero affirms compassion, love and kindness in his soul. These traits make him a true intellectual. Many young people today could take an example from him.

Argument 2

In another work, the writer, on the contrary, asserts the lack of intelligence in his characters. A.P. Chekhov in the comedy "The Cherry Orchard" reflects on memory and shows the life of the impoverished noblemen of the late 19th century, who, by their own stupidity, lose their family estate, the cherry orchard dear to their memories, and the closest people.

They do not want to do anything, are not adapted to work, are not fond of reading or comprehending sciences, they do not understand anything in art. In other words, in the heroes of the comedy, the reader observes a complete absence of spiritual and mental work. Therefore, despite their high origin, it is difficult to call them intellectuals. According to A.P. Chekhov, people are obliged to improve, work hard, help those in need, strive for the highest manifestation of morality.

Conclusion

In my opinion, to be a real person, a person with a capital letter, means to be an intellectual. Intelligence is the ability to subordinate your life to the laws of mercy, kindness and justice.

Composition according to the text:

Is it possible, considering oneself a cultured and intelligent person, to allow dishonorable actions in relation to others and to oneself? Where are the permissible limits of lies and dishonesty? The well-known literary critic and publicist D.S. Likhachev.

It would seem an ordinary case: someone took someone else's book and "forgot" to return it. At the same time, there was not even a feeling of awkwardness from the fact that he let another person down, put him: in an ambiguous position. The author called this phenomenon of modernity "moral color blindness" and tried to investigate the problem from the point of view of ethical norms. Whatever explanations the supporters of such actions put forward, one thing remains unconditional: theft remains theft, a lie can never be justified. Forgiving oneself a small evil, it is easy to slip into a big evil. Having sacrificed your conscience, having committed an immoral act, you yourself will suffer, willingly or unwillingly destroy your dignity. And with this statement D.S. Likhachev, you will certainly agree if you consider yourself an intelligent person or strive to be so.

The problems of moral purity and decency were often addressed by writers of the nineteenth century. The heroes of Pushkin, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Dostoevsky made mistakes, suffered, doubted, but always preserved their moral dignity. Pyotr Grinev, the hero of "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. Pushkin, observes his father's covenant "take care of honor from a young age" and does not lose dignity either in front of the formidable Pugachev, or in the face of death. He protects not only his honest name, but also the honor of his beloved.

Favorite heroes of L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" go through serious moral tests and do it with honor, without stopping to cowardice and humiliation. The old prince Bolkonsky, seeing off his son into the army, says that he can survive his death, but will not survive the dishonor. And for Prince Andrey, the concepts of duty and honor are unshakable. Of course, his son will also be faithful to these traditions.

Why are many moral concepts and values ​​so devalued today? Perhaps we should be more demanding and uncompromising to our own conscience and to the actions of those around us.

Text by Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev:

(1) Once upon a time, a very long time ago, I was sent an important edition "The Lay of Igor's Campaign." (2) For a long time I could not understand: what's the matter? (3) At the institute they signed that the book was received, but the book was not. (4) Finally it turned out that one respectable lady took it. (5) I asked the lady: "Did you take the book?" (6) “Yes,” she replied. - (7) I took it. (8) But if you need it so badly, I can return it. " (9) And at the same time the lady smiles coquettishly. (10) “But the book was sent to me. (11) If you need it, you should have asked me for it. (12) You put me in an awkward position in front of the person who sent it. (13) I didn't even thank him. "

(14) I repeat: it was a long time ago. (15) And one could forget about this incident. (16) But still, sometimes I remember him - life reminds me. (17) Indeed, it really seems what a trifle! (18) To “read” the book, “forget” to return it to its owner ... (19) Now it has become, as it were, in the order of things. (20) Many justify themselves by the fact that I, they say, need this book more than the owner: I cannot do without it, but he will do!

(21) A new phenomenon has spread - "intellectual" theft, seemingly quite excusable, justified by enthusiasm, craving for culture. (22) Sometimes they even say that “reading” a book is not theft at all, but a sign of intelligence. (23) Just think: a dishonorable act - and intelligence! (24) Don't you think that this is simply color blindness? (25) Moral color blindness: we have forgotten how to distinguish colors, more precisely, to distinguish black from white. (26) Theft is theft, theft is theft, a dishonorable act remains a dishonorable act, no matter how and by what justification they are! (27) And a lie is a lie, and in the end I do not believe that a lie can be salvation. (28) After all, even to ride a "hare" in a tram is theft. (29) There is no petty theft, no petty theft - there is just theft and just theft. (30) There is no small deception and big deception - there is just deception, a lie. (31) It is not for nothing that it is said: faithful in little, and faithful in great. (32) Someday, by chance, you will fleetingly recall an insignificant episode when you gave up your conscience in the most seemingly harmless and insignificant - and you will feel the reproach of your conscience. (33) And you will understand that if anyone suffered from your trifling, insignificant act, then first of all you yourself suffered - your conscience and your dignity.

Two meanings which use the word " intelligentsia", And, accordingly," intelligence "in modern world: functional and social.

From Wikipedia:

Functional meaning and Latin origin of the word "intelligence":

The concept of "intelligence"

From the "Dictionary of Practical Psychologist" S.Yu. Golovin:

I. Bestuzhev-Lada believes that

The expression of intelligence in a person

From the "Psychological dictionary-reference book" Dyachenko M.I., Kandybovich L.A .:

Manifestation of human intelligence

From the "Psychological dictionary-reference book" Dyachenko M.I., Kandybovich L.A .:

Who can be intelligent?

I. Bestuzhev-Lada believes that

* Bestuzhev-Lada Igor Vasilyevich (born 1927) - Russian scientist, historian, sociologist and futurologist, specialist in the field of social forecasting and global studies.

What is inherent in an intelligent person?

* Internationalism (from Lat. Inter - "between" and nation - "people") is an ideology preaching friendship and cooperation between nations.

The main signs of intelligence are a complex of the most important intellectual and moral qualities from the "Dictionary of Practical Psychologist" S.Yu. Golovin:

The words "intelligent" and "intellectual" are paronyms. Do not confuse them.

From the express reference book by E. D. Golovina "Distinguish between words: Difficult cases of modern Russian word usage":

What do modern young people understand by intelligence?

It seems that the concepts of good breeding, decency, spiritual nobility - everything that we are used to associating with the words "intellectual" and "intelligence" are blurring before our eyes. One gallant critic once confessed in print: before reading any work on the Internet or on a floppy disk, he checks with a computer whether there is profanity there. If not, it will never read: pink water!

Composition

Any concept and term "fades" over time and inevitably changes, and if it does not disappear completely, then in any case it loses the originally inherent moral and ideological components. Unfortunately, this cannot be avoided, however, for some concepts, key and fundamental, it becomes especially alarming. In his text, I. Fonyakov raises the topical problem of intelligence.

Many publicists, philologists and scientists have argued and argued on this topic. I. Fonyakov draws our attention to the fact that the concepts that make up the very term "intelligentsia", such as "good breeding", "decency", "spiritual nobility", are blurred and lose their significance, and at the same time they lose their meaning and meaning and the word "intellectual" itself. The writer cites the example of a typical representative of the modern “ creative intelligentsia", Which seriously considered works that do not use obscene vocabulary," pink water ", thereby expressing his confident approval of the abundance of mat and other words in Russian literature, which yesterday were still considered unacceptable and forbidden. In contrast to this "intellectual" I. Fonyakov also cites as an example such great personalities as the author of "The Lay of Igor's Campaign", Metropolitan Hilarion, Nestor and other monks-chroniclers, whose contribution to history is undoubtedly irreplaceable, and focuses on the fact that both these individuals and those who are, based on the term, "a representative of the social stratum that has arisen in certain circumstances" is also considered to be "the Russian intelligentsia", which is fundamentally wrong.

An intellectual is a person with mental decency and intellectual freedom. The author believes that the intelligentsia is not only a social stratum that emerged in the 15th - 16th centuries. These are, first of all, educated and thinking people, guided by moral categories and unconditional intellectual freedom, and the main steering in this case should be conscience and a sense of responsibility for the future generation. Intellectuals are independent individuals, driven only by their own convictions and capable of making a worthy contribution to the history of their homeland, and those who are able to sacrifice cultural values ​​in the pursuit of profit, fashion, dubious innovation or any of their own prejudices are called intellectuals in the full meaning of this the words are wrong and stupid.

I agree with the point of view of I. Fonyakov and also believe that the intelligentsia is not just a social stratum or a crowd of people who consider themselves "knowledgeable" and "educated." Intellectuals in the full meaning of this word are individuals free from everything that contradicts their beliefs, but at the same time, their goal can only be a contribution to the future of their country and its all-round development, and only conscience can serve as the guides of true "Russian intellectuals" and morality.

In the novel by B.L. Pasternak's "Doctor Zhivago" describes the difficult fate of a true intellectual who faced such an inhuman and inhuman element as war. The main character desperately trying to prove himself both as a doctor and as a poet, however, faced with the real world, he realized that it was more profitable to “be like everyone else” and be content with philistine values ​​and joys. Throughout the entire work, Yuri Zhivago is faced with moral and moral contradictions - the real world turned out to be so alien to him, full of murders, hypocrisy, lies and vices, but the hero himself, being a morally pure, thinking, real Russian intellectual, was never able to immerse himself in this atmosphere and take over the habits and properties of everything that surrounded him, and he could only be content with his own creativity and deep loneliness, melting in the depths of his soul hope for a happy future.

A similar problem was raised in his comedy "Woe from Wit" and A.S. Griboyedov. The main character, Chatsky, being a representative of a new generation of intelligentsia, faced rejection and misunderstanding on the part of the conservatives headed by Famusov. The protagonist, driven by revolutionary aspirations and the desire to raise his country "from its knees", wanted to convey his ideas to a large number of people and began with the society in which he had to be for a long time - but there he was considered crazy. Famus Society was afraid of free thought and change - his representatives did not care about the state of the country and its further development, they all worried only about their own well-being, and therefore Chatsky's attempts to get to their conscience and morality could not initially be crowned with success. The townsfolk won in numbers, and Chatsky had only to disappear as soon as possible in anticipation of like-minded people.

In conclusion, I would like to note once again that the problem of the Russian intelligentsia lies primarily in the "smearing" of key concepts and misinterpretation of the term. From century to century, different political and cultural figures have expressed different attitudes towards this "social stratum", but no one’s opinion should and cannot influence the interpretation of the term “intellectual” itself.

Two years ago, I and my students drew up these arguments to Variant S.

1) What is the meaning of life?

1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin comes to mind in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin. Bitter is the fate of the one who has not found his place in life! Onegin is a gifted man, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to his loving Tatiana:

Having lived without a goal, without work

Until twenty six

Languishing in the inaction of leisure,

No service, no wife, no work

I didn't know how to do anything.

2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in “A Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born? .. "

3.All throughout life path Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to reflect on the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of Leo Tolstoy's novel, we meet Pierre, carried away by the ideas of Decembrism, protesting against the existing social system and fighting for a just life of the very people, of which he feels himself to be a part. In this organic combination of the personal and the national, there is, according to Tolstoy, both the meaning of life and happiness.

2) Fathers and children. Upbringing.

1.Looks like Bazarov - positive hero in the novel by IS Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". He is smart, courageous, independent in his judgments, an advanced man of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who are madly in love with their son, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Eugene practically does not communicate with old people. How bitter they are! And only to Odintsova he said beautiful words about their parents, but the old people themselves never heard of them.

2. In general, the problem of "fathers" and "children" is typical for Russian literature. In the drama of AN Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm" it acquires a tragic sound, as the young people who want to live by their own mind emerge from the blind obedience of the house-building.

And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children in the person of Evgeny Bazarov is already resolutely going their own way, sweeping away the established authorities. And the contradictions between the two generations are often painful.

3) Impudence. Rudeness. Behavior in society.

1. Human intemperance, disrespect for others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in DI Fonvizin's comedy "The Minor" says unforgivable, rude words. In the house of Mrs. Prostakova, rude abuse and beatings are common. Here is my mother and says to Pravdin: “… sometimes I swear, sometimes I fight; so the house holds on. "

2. A rude, ignorant person appears before us Famusov in A. Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit". He is rude to addicted people, speaks gruffly, rudely, calls his servants in every possible way, regardless of their age.

3. You can bring the image of the mayor from the comedy "The Inspector General". Positive example: A. Bolkonsky.

4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.

1. With stunning realism FM Dostoevsky portrays the world of Russian reality in the novel "Crime and Punishment". He shows social injustice, hopelessness, spiritual dead end, which gave rise to the absurd theory of Raskolnikov. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, the poor are everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of the children. To stand up for the disadvantaged - this is what ripens in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.

5) The problem of mercy.

1. It seems that from all the pages of Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka ... The woeful picture of the image of a humiliated person appeals to our mercy and compassion: ... "The author believes that a person must find his way" into the kingdom of light and thought. " He believes that the time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.

2. In the preservation of compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's yard". In all the trials that humiliate human dignity, Matryona remains sincere, responsive, ready to help, able to rejoice in someone else's happiness. This is the image of a righteous woman, a keeper of spiritual values. This is without her, according to the proverb, "the village, the city, the whole land is not worth it"

6) The problem of honor, duty, heroism.

1.When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you feel horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie on the ground, like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the core would explode. Bolkonsky could not do otherwise. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, be silent, hide from dangers. They die earlier than others, because it is better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.

7) The problem of happiness.

1. Leo Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" brings us, readers, to the idea that happiness is expressed not in wealth, not in nobility, not in fame, but in love, all-consuming and all-embracing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Before his death, Prince Andrew defines his state as “happiness”, which is in the immaterial and external influences of the soul, - “the happiness of love” ... The hero seems to be returning to the time of pure youth, to the eternally living springs of natural existence.

2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hate - I'm sorry. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Lead a simple life and value what you have. 4. Give more. 5. Expect less.

8) My favorite piece.

They say that every person in his life must raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the human soul that necessary moral foundation on which one can already build a temple of spirituality. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; the fate and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live "real life".

9) The topic of friendship.

Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are people of "a crystal honest, crystal soul." They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the "marrow" of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the "carnival masks" of high society, mutually complement each other and become necessary for each other, despite the fact that they are so different. Heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their life and friendship.

10) Faith in God. Christian motives.

1.In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies "God's man" who has not lost cruel world connection with God passionate pursuit of "Life in Christ." In the scary world of Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral light ray that warms the heart of a criminal. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that there is no life without God. This is what Dostoevsky thought, and this is what Gumilyov later wrote:

2. The heroes of the novel by FM Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" read the parable about the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son - Rodion returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see “morning,” and under his pillow is the Gospel. Biblical subjects became the basis of the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:

There is God, there is the world, they live forever;

And people's lives are instant and wretched,

But everything is contained in a person,

Who loves the world and believes in God.

11) Patriotism.

1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but they do not expect a reward for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine sacred feeling of the Motherland.

Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells his estate to equip the regiment. True patriots there were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov is eager to go to the front, because "Fatherland is in danger." Russian peasants, dressed in soldier's greatcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.

2. In Pushkin's poetry we find the sources of the purest patriotism. His "Poltava", "Boris Godunov", all his appeals to Peter the Great, the "slanderers of Russia", his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of the people's feelings and the strength of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.

12) Family.

We, the readers, are especially sympathetic to the Rostov family in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, whose behavior manifests a high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The feeling of family, which the Rostovs sacredly take in a peaceful life, will turn out to be historically significant in the course of Patriotic War 1812

13) Conscience.

1. Probably, we, the readers, least of all expected from Dolokhov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, in a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough man. Bezukhov is surprised at this. We seem to see Dolokhov from the other side and once again we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, will free the party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he can hardly speak, seeing Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.

2. Conscientious - means a decent, honest person, endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, kindness. Calm and happy is the one who lives in harmony with his conscience. The fate of the one who missed her for the sake of momentary gain or renounced her out of personal ego is unenviable.

3. It seems to me that questions of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he vows to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And once again Rostov surprised me when he inherited and accepted all of his father's debts. This is usually done by people of honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.

4. The best features of Grinev from the story of A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter", Conditioned by upbringing, appear in moments of severe trials and help him to get out of difficult situations with honor. In the face of a riot, the hero retains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself, he risks his life, but does not retreat from the dictates of his duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.

14) Education. Its role in human life.

1. A.S. Griboyedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were amazed at the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the philosophical faculty, natural-mathematical and law faculties) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German, knew Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of theater. He was one of the finest writers and diplomats.

2. M.Yu. Lermontov, we classify among the great writers of Russia and the progressive aristocratic intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership considered his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished by a high level of self-education. He began to write poetry early, painted beautifully, played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left to posterity a rich artistic heritage.

15) Officials. Power.

1.I.Krylov, N.V. Gogol, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and please their superiors. Writers condemn them for their rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. No wonder Shchedrin is called the prosecutor public life... His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.

2. In the comedy "The Inspector General" Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the outrageous passions in it. He exposed the entire bureaucratic system, depicted a vulgar society plunged into universal deception. Officials are far from the people, they are busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a "disease." Before the bosses, Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Strawberry and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves, but ordinary supplicants are not considered people.

3.Our society has moved to a new round of governance, therefore, the order has changed in the country, a fight against corruption and inspections is under way. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians emptiness, covered with indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.

16) Intelligence. Spirituality.

1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and by spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is my favorite hero, whom young men of our generation can imitate. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He has such character traits that make up spirituality, such as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, mercy. Andrey dislikes light with its pettiness and falsity. It seems to me that the feat of the prince is not only that he rushed with a banner at the enemy, but also that he deliberately renounced false values, choosing compassion, goodness and love.

2.In the comedy " The Cherry Orchard"AP Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are incapable of work, do not read anything serious, they only talk about the sciences, and understand little about art. He believes that humanity should improve its strength, work hard, help the suffering, strive for moral purity.

3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think not? There is!"

17) Mother. Motherhood.

1. With trepidation and excitement recalled his mother A.I.Solzhenitsyn, who sacrificed much for her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband's "White Guards", her father's "former wealth", she could not work in an institution where they paid well, although she knew very well foreign languages, studied shorthand and typescript. Great writer I am grateful to my mother for the fact that she did everything to instill in him versatile interests, to give a higher education. In his memory, his mother remained a model of universal human moral values.

2.V.Ya.Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic praise to a woman-mother. This is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, of humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.

18) Labor-laziness.

Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, in which there are also such passionate lines:

And the right place in life

Only to those whose days are in works:

Only to workers - glory,

Only to them - a wreath for centuries!

19) The theme of love.

Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul was enlightened. In the poem: "I loved you ..." the poet's feeling is alarming, love has not cooled down yet, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He is recognized as beloved, and how strong and noble are his impulses:

I loved you silently, hopelessly,

Now we languish with timidity, now with jealousy ...

The nobility of the poet's feelings, tinged with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, enchantingly musically. This is the true power of love, which opposes vanity, indifference, dullness!

20) Purity of the language.

1. Throughout its history, Russia has gone through three eras of contamination of the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were over three thousand nautical terms of foreign words alone. The second era fell on the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the end of XX - beginning of XXI centuries, when we witnessed the degradation of the language. That there is only one phrase that sounds on television: "Do not slow down - Snickersney!" Americanisms swept over our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, an abundance of foreign words that supplant beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.

2. Pushkin did not have a chance to save the Fatherland from enemies, but it was given to decorate, elevate and glorify his language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and “hit the hearts” of the readers with an unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:

I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God grant you beloved to be different!

21) Nature. Ecology.

1.I. Bunin's poetry is characterized by respect to nature, he worries about its preservation, for purity, therefore in his lyrics there are many bright, juicy colors of love and hope. Nature feeds the poet with optimism, through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:

My spring will pass and this day will pass

But it's fun to wander around and know that everything goes away

While the happiness of living forever will not die ...

In the poem "Forest Road", nature is a source of happiness and beauty for man.

2. The book of V. Astafiev "Tsar-fish" consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters "Dream of the White Mountains" and "Tsar Fish" tell about the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His single combat with fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his discussions about man and the world around him, Astafyev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is a part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.

3. Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long lasting consequences. Many years ago, the most terrible man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia have suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in the history of mankind, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere on earth. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died painful deaths. The Chernobyl pollution continues to cause an increase in the mortality rate of the population of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the effects of radiation. The accident at the nuclear power plant led to a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders ... People should remember about Chernobyl for the sake of the future, be aware of the danger of radiation and do everything so that such disasters never happen again.

22) the role of art.

My contemporary - poet and prose writer Elena Taho-Godi wrote about the influence of art on a person:

And you can live without Pushkin

And without Mozart's music too -

Without everything that is spiritually dearer,

No doubt one can live.

Even better, calmer, easier

Without ridiculous passions and worries

And careless, of course,

But how to endure this term? ..

23) About our smaller brothers.

1. I immediately remembered the amazing story "Tame Me", where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate animal, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, unnecessary animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a home idol. The whole family of the poetess joyfully worshiped him. In another story, the name of which is symbolic - "Responsible for all whom I have tamed", she will say that the attitude towards "our lesser brothers", towards creatures completely dependent on us, is a "touchstone" for each of us ...

2. In many of Jack London's works, humans and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence you are the only representative of the human race, there is no better and more devoted helper than a dog, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.

24) Homeland. Small Homeland.

Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world around us begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin's most dear memories are associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, the crimson field, the birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the crying of the orioles, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet met in childhood and which gave him a holy "feeling of homeland":

Weaved over the lake

The scarlet light of dawn ...

25) Historical memory.

1.A. Tvardovsky wrote:

The war has passed, the suffering has passed,

But pain appeals to people.

Come on people, never

Let's not forget about this.

2. The works of many poets are devoted to the people's feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of the experience does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: those who survived must keep the peace so that their descendants live happily on earth:

I will in that life

You are happy to be

Thanks to them, the heroes of the war, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame is burning, reminding us of the lives given for the homeland.

26) The theme of beauty.

Sergei Yesenin in his lyrics glorifies all that is beautiful. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the motherland, tenderness for his beloved: "How beautiful is the Earth and man on it!"

People will never be able to overcome the sense of beauty in themselves, because the world will not change endlessly, but there will always be something that pleases the eye and excites the soul. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music, born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry ... And we love, adore, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is all that gives happiness.

27) Philistinism.

1.B satirical comedies"Bedbug" and "Bath" V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. There is no place in the future for the protagonist of the play "The Bedbug". Mayakovsky's satire bears a sharp focus, reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.

2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of a passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, physical and spiritual "renunciation". The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreplaceable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of the bills of credit he was with with such pleasure he takes out of his pockets in the evenings, extinguishes feelings of love and goodness in him.

28) Great people. Talent.

1. Omar Khayyam is a great, brilliantly educated person who has lived an intellectually rich life. His rubai is the story of the ascent of the poet's soul to the high truth of being. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, truly great person... He died, and his star has been shining in the "firmament" of the human spirit for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not fade, but, on the contrary, becomes brighter:

Be I the Creator, the Ruler of the heights,

Would incinerate the old firmament.

And I would put on a new one, under which

Envy does not sting, anger does not wither.

2.Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn - the honor and conscience of our era. He is a participant in the Great Patriotic War, was awarded for heroism shown in battles. For disapproving remarks about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in forced labor camps. In 1967 he sent to the Congress of Writers of the USSR open letter with a call to end censorship. His, famous writer were harassed. In 1970 he was awarded Nobel Prize in the field of literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is ranked among moral sermons. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, ideologist, public figure who served the country honestly and selflessly. His best works- these are "GULAG Archipelago", "Matryonin Dvor", "Cancer Ward" ...

29) The problem of material support. Wealth.

The universal measure of all the values ​​of many people, unfortunately, has recently become money, a passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even the guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it sounds.

For those like Chichikov in Nikolai Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" and for many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult at first to "curry favor", to flatter, to give bribes, to be "pushed around", then to "push around" and take bribes themselves, to live luxuriously ...

30) Freedom-Non-freedom.

In one breath I read the novel "We" by E. Zamyatin. Here we can trace the idea of ​​what can happen to a person, society, when they, obeying an abstract idea, voluntarily renounce freedom. People turn into an appendage of a machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as a loss of one's own “I”.

31) Time Problem.

For a long creative life L.N. Tolstoy was constantly running out of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and…. created. He tried to be ahead of his time, warning humanity against moral catastrophes. This wise classic was in step with the times, then one step ahead of him. Tolstoy's work is still in demand all over the world: Anna Karenina, War and Peace, Kreutzer Sonata ...

32) The theme of morality.

It seems to me that my soul is a flower that guides me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual strength of a person is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ so that humanity is humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:

And God is silent

For a grave sin

Because they doubted God,

He punished everyone with love,

What would have learned to believe in torment.

33) Space theme.

The hypostasis of T.I. Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, an impudent person who goes to the abyss. This is what the poet is close to me, a man of a century of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of the Cosmos. He instills in us a sense of the infinity of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. This "cosmic feeling" was endowed with Tyutchev like no other.

34) The theme of the capital is Moscow.

In Marina Tsvetaeva's poetry, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem "Above the blue groves of the Moscow region ... .." the ringing of Moscow bells is poured with balsam on the souls of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses her love to him, which she absorbed, it seems, with her mother's milk, and passed on to her own children:

And you do not know that the dawn is in the Kremlin

It is easier to breathe than on the whole earth!

35) Love for the Motherland.

In S. Yesenin's poems, we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin does not doubt the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will awaken dormant Russia. Therefore, he created such works as "Transfiguration", "O Rus, flap your wings":

Oh Russia, flap your wings,

Put on a different support!

With different names

Another steppe is rising.

36) War memory theme.

1. "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy, "Sotnikov" and "Obelisk" by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, pulling into a bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror and meaninglessness, cruelty were clearly demonstrated by Leo Tolstoy in his novel War and Peace. Favorite heroes of the writer realize the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious person who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast to him, the image of Kutuzov is shown, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for the sake of fame and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.

2.68 years old Great victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not diminish interest in this topic, draws the attention of my generation to the distant front-line years, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - a hero, liberator, humanist. When the cannons thundered, the muses were not silent. While fostering love for the Motherland, literature also fostered hatred for the enemy. And this contrast carried in itself the highest justice, humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature includes such works created during the war years as "Russian Character" by A. Tolstoy, "Science of Hatred" by M. Sholokhov, "Unconquered" by B. Gorbaty ...