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Russian culture abroad. Creative work

The uniqueness of the culture of each nation is not only its distinctive sign, but also constitutes the phenomenon of cultural diversity of human civilization as a whole. The culture of Russia is also an integral part of it.

Russia is a country with a huge cultural heritage and centuries-old cultural traditions. The historical and geographical features of our country contributed to the fact that Russia developed as a state where many cultures coexisted and developed, complementing each other. Exactly this characteristic makes Russian culture attractive to foreigners who have been trying to comprehend the mysterious “Russian soul” for centuries.

Russia's achievements in the field of literature, music, ballet, theater, and fine arts are recognized throughout the world.

Russian literature is not only a reflection of the aesthetic, moral and spiritual values of its people, but is distinguished by deep psychologism in its depiction of human characters. The works of A.S. Pushkin, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, S.A. Yesenin have long become the property of world literature.

Russian classical music gave the world such names as P.I. Tchaikovsky, M.I. Glinka, S.V. Rachmaninov, I.F. Stravinsky, S.S. Prokofiev, D.D. Shostakovich.

Russian fine art was glorified by many artists, among them V.A. Serov, V.I. Surikov, V.M. Vasnetsov, A.A. Ivanov, K.Z. Malevich, M.Z. Chagal. Their paintings are always welcome participants in international art exhibitions.

The Russian theater and ballet school enjoys well-deserved authority and recognition all over the world. Many theater and film actors work according to the “K.S. Stanislavsky system”. In Russia there are theaters that have worldwide fame, such as Mariinskii Opera House, Bolshoi and Maly theaters. Russian ballet was glorified by G.S. Ulanova, M.M. Plisetskaya, R.H. Nuriev, M.N. Baryshnikov. “Russian Seasons” and then “Russian Ballet” by Sergei Diaghilev invariably attracted full houses and were one of the largest events in the world of culture. IN world history operas include such names as F.I. Chaliapin, S.Ya. Lemeshev, G.P. Vishnevskaya.

Since its inception, Russian cinema has been associated with historical processes taking place in the country and in the world as a whole. Many films have received world awards, such as the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Oscar), and the Cannes International Film Festival. The films of S.M. have become classics of world cinema. Eisenstein “Battleship Potemkin”, G.V. Aleksandrova “Jolly guys”, I.A. Pyryeva “The Pig Farmer and the Shepherd”, S.F. Bondarchuk “War and Peace”, M.K. Kalatozov “The Cranes Are Flying”, A.A. Tarkovsky “Solaris”, V.V. Menshova “Moscow does not believe in tears”, N.S. Mikhalkova " Burnt out by the sun", P.S. Lungin “Island”, A.K. Cotta "Brest Fortress".

One of the activities of Rossotrudnichestvo is the presentation cultural heritage Russia beyond its borders, as well as promoting international cooperation in the field of culture.

Rossotrudnichestvo supports and implements international projects in the field of culture and art in accordance with the Main Directions of the Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of international cultural and humanitarian cooperation.

The agency has 98 representative offices in 81 countries of the world, the doors of which are open to everyone who is actively interested in Russia and Russian culture. On the basis of Russian centers of science and culture, various events are regularly held aimed at popularizing the culture of the peoples of Russia: concerts of Russian folklore, music and dance groups; creative meetings with famous Russian cultural figures; Exhibitions contemporary artists; thematic photo exhibitions of archival materials from Russian museums; film screenings of the latest achievements of Russian cinematography; performances of Russian theaters for adult and children's audiences.

Rossotrudnichestvo takes an active part in the Cross Years of Russia with foreign countries, and also holds a series of events abroad dedicated to memorable dates Russian history.

Architecture of the 1920s it was distinguished by its economy in solving plans, simple and laconic in the exteriors of buildings, there were almost no decorative elements, the walls were plastered. The most significant event of this time was the competition for best project Palace of Labor (1922), as well as competitions for designs of residential buildings for workers, clubs, cultural centers, etc. The presented works were diverse: from the reproduction of classical architectural forms to industrial motifs.

In the first half of the 20s. The reconstruction of the Field of Mars is being carried out in Leningrad, where a square with a monumental fence was laid out around the graves of fallen fighters of the Revolution (architects I. Fomin, L. Rudnev, author of the inscriptions A. Lunacharsky). The largest architectural structure 20s became the Lenin Mausoleum (author A. Shchusev).

From the mid-20s. widespread housing construction begins. The first residential block in Leningrad was the Tractor Street area in the Kirovsky district (1924-26, architects A. Gegello, A. Nikolsky, G. Simonov), consisting of 3-4-story houses of simple architecture (the plots on the street were of a similar nature . Tkachey, Stachek Ave.). In the second half of the 20s. Many buildings for cultural and educational purposes are being created. One of the first Palaces of Culture in Leningrad was erected on Narva Square (architect A. Gegello, D. Krichevsky, 1925-27). Industrial construction is underway. Here it is necessary to note the first-born of the GOELRO plan - the Volkhov hydroelectric power station (architect O. Muntz, V. Pokrovsky, 1918-26), the Dnieper hydroelectric power station (architect V. Vesnin, 1927-30), which were distinguished by strict geometrized forms.

IN In general, despite the growing ideological pressure, 1920s became the heyday of Soviet culture, combining revolutionary ideas, best traditions silver age and wandering.

Culture of Russian abroad. After civil war More than 2 million Russian citizens found themselves abroad. A significant part of them were

intelligentsia. By various reasons and in different years, such Russian talents as writers A.I. found themselves outside their homeland. Kuprin, I.A. Bunin, A.N. Tolstoy, E.I. Zamyatin, D.S. Merezhkovsky, poetess M.I. Tsvetaeva, singers F.I. Shalyapin, A.N. Vertinsky, composers S.V. Rachmaninov, A.K. Glazunov, I.F. Stravinsky, ballerina A.P. Pavlova, artist K.A. Korovin, the great chess player A.A. Alekhine, writer, artist, historian A.N. Benoit. His son Nikolai worked for 35 years as the chief artist of the La Scala theater in Milan. The outstanding Moscow Art Theater actor M.A. remained in the USA. Chekhov, who had a great influence on the system of training artists.

Many left Russia not of their own free will. A huge blow to national culture and science was the deportation in August 1922 of about 200 scientific and cultural figures. Among them are philosophers N.A. Berdyaev, S.L. Frank, S.N. Bulgakov, N.O. Lossky, sociologist P.A. Sorokin, economist G.D. Brutskus and others). Back in 1921, to identify dissidents in the most important government institutions countries, a “bureau of assistance” to the work of the Cheka was created, on the basis of which a “special bureau for the administrative expulsion of anti-Soviet intelligentsia” appeared. In the summer and autumn of 1922, lists of scientific and public figures. On August 31, an official message about the upcoming deportation appeared in Pravda. The article, which was called “First Warning,” stated that, by order of the GPU, it was decided to expel the most active “counter-revolutionary elements from among professors, doctors, agronomists, and writers” from the country. In order not to disturb public opinion, the newspaper added: “There are almost no major names among those expelled.” IN AND. Lenin hurried: “To arrest... without announcing the motives - leave, gentlemen!” Before being deported, many were held in custody for 40 to 68 days. Those leaving were required to sign a signature stating that under pain of death they would not attempt to return to their homeland. In memory of this sad event, called "The Philosophical Ship", in 2003 in St. Petersburg, a sign was installed on the embankment of Vasilyevsky Island.

In places of compact residence of emigrants, centers of Russian culture became educational establishments, libraries, newspapers, churches. A public system of higher education was created: the Russian Free University in Prague, eight universities in Paris (commercial, Russian Polytechnic, Orthodox Theological Institutes, Russian Conservatory, Franco-Russian Institute, etc.). By the end of the 1920s. The process of separation of foreign parishes from the Moscow Patriarchate and the formation of the Russian Church Abroad was completed. There were about 20 Russian bookstores in Paris.

By the beginning of the 1930s. 5 academicians and about 150 professors from Russian universities worked abroad. On the initiative of N.A. Berdyaev, the Russian Religious and Philosophical Academy was created in Berlin. Berdyaev himself wrote dozens of books in exile: “The New Middle Ages”, “The Origins and Meaning of Russian Communism”, “The Meaning of History”, etc. The works of A.I. were of great scientific importance for understanding the pre-revolutionary and revolutionary years. Denikin “Essays on Russian Troubles”, P.N. Milyukov “History of the Second Russian Revolution” and “Russia at the Turning Point. Bolshevik period of the Russian revolution,” memoirs of A.F. Kerensky, V.M. Chernova and others. A significant contribution to the development of science and technology abroad was made by Russian emigrants, physicist G.A. Gamov, one of the creators of television V.K. Zvorykin, chemist V.N. Ipatiev, aircraft designer I.I. Sikorsky.

Remained very intense despite all the difficulties cultural life emigration. For example, I.A. Bunin, who perceived the revolution as the death of Russia (the terrible mental breakdown and rejection of Soviet power is reflected in “Cursed Days”), lived for more than thirty years in Grasse, in the south of France. Here, after a long creative crisis, he began to write again. During these years it comes out main book– an autobiography of a fictional person “The Life of Arsenyev”, as well as a series of stories (“Mitya’s Love”, etc.). In November 1933 I.A. Bunin

became the first Russian writer - laureate Nobel Prize. This is co-

existence had a huge international public resonance. And in 1946 in

Bunin's book " Dark alleys" - a book about love, the most poetic

And Bunin’s most perfect creation in terms of skill, which he wrote throughout the war, while in poverty and hunger.

A young generation of writers has grown up: N.N. Berberova, G.I. Gazdanov, I. Odoevtseva. In the early 20s. young V.V. Nabokov, under the pseudonym Sirin, begins to publish his poems, a translation of Carroll’s book “Alice in Wonderland”, and then novels (“Mashenka”, “King, Queen, Jack”, “Luzhin’s Defense”) in the emigrant press. Nabokov improves his prose year after year and achieves true mastery in “Feat” (1932), “Invitation to Execution” (1938) and other novels. In 1940, the writer left for the USA, where he taught at universities and wrote a lot (“Other Shores”, “Pnin”). However, only the scandal that erupted around the novel “Lolita” (1955), declared “pornographic” by the censors, paradoxically turns Nabokov into a world-famous writer. The writer’s final work was the novel “Ada” (1969), which most fully embodied the aesthetic principles that guided the writer throughout his entire literary career.

Artist N.K. Roerich, who left Russia back in 1916, lived for the last 20 years in India, where he founded the Himalayan Research Institute. Since 1923, Marc Chagall lived and worked in France. In the 70s he donated a series of his works to the Museum fine arts named after A. Pushkin in Moscow. Widely known in the 20-30s. received songs by A. Vertinsky, who created his own special style on the stage.

They all lived with memories of that Russia that was so close to them

And familiar. V.V. Nabokov often said: “I have one house, in Russia.” F.I. Chaliapin, who was a resounding success abroad, earned a lot of money (he received 3 thousand dollars for a performance, bought himself a five-story house in Paris), ended his memoirs like this: “My dream is inextricably linked with Russia... My dear, dear Russia! I have lived my whole life in the theater and for

Architecture of the 1920s it was distinguished by its economy in solving plans, simple and laconic in the exteriors of buildings, there were almost no decorative elements, the walls were plastered. The most significant event of this time was the competition for the best design of the Palace of Labor (1922), as well as competitions for designs of residential buildings for workers, clubs, cultural centers, etc. The presented works were distinguished by their diversity: from the reproduction of classical architectural forms to industrial motifs.

In the first half of the 20s. The reconstruction of the Field of Mars is being carried out in Leningrad, where a square with a monumental fence was laid out around the graves of fallen fighters of the Revolution (architects I. Fomin, L. Rudnev, author of the inscriptions A. Lunacharsky). The largest architectural structure of the 20s. became the Lenin Mausoleum (author A. Shchusev).

IN In general, despite the growing ideological pressure, 1920s became the heyday of Soviet culture, combining revolutionary ideas, the best traditions of the Silver Age and the Wandering Movement.

Culture of Russian abroad. After the civil war, more than 2 million Russian citizens ended up abroad. A significant part of them were

intelligentsia. For various reasons and in different years, such Russian talents as writers A.I. ended up outside their homeland. Kuprin, I.A. Bunin, A.N. Tolstoy, E.I. Zamyatin, D.S. Merezhkovsky, poetess M.I. Tsvetaeva, singers F.I. Shalyapin, A.N. Vertinsky, composers S.V. Rachmaninov, A.K. Glazunov, I.F. Stravinsky, ballerina A.P. Pavlova, artist K.A. Korovin, the great chess player A.A. Alekhine, writer, artist, historian A.N. Benoit. His son Nikolai worked for 35 years as the chief artist of the La Scala theater in Milan. The outstanding Moscow Art Theater actor M.A. remained in the USA. Chekhov, who had a great influence on the system of training artists.

Many left Russia not of their own free will. A huge blow to national culture and science was the deportation in August 1922 of about 200 scientific and cultural figures. Among them are philosophers N.A. Berdyaev, S.L. Frank, S.N. Bulgakov, N.O. Lossky, sociologist P.A. Sorokin, economist G.D. Brutskus and others). Back in 1921, to identify dissidents, “bureaus of assistance” to the work of the Cheka were created in the most important government institutions of the country, on the basis of which a “special bureau for the administrative expulsion of anti-Soviet intelligentsia” appeared. In the summer and autumn of 1922, lists of scientific and public figures subject to deportation were prepared. On August 31, an official message about the upcoming deportation appeared in Pravda. The article, which was called “First Warning,” stated that, by order of the GPU, it was decided to expel the most active “counter-revolutionary elements from among professors, doctors, agronomists, and writers” from the country. In order not to disturb public opinion, the newspaper added: “There are almost no major names among those expelled.” IN AND. Lenin hurried: “To arrest... without announcing the motives - leave, gentlemen!” Before being deported, many were held in custody for 40 to 68 days. Those leaving were required to sign a signature that, under pain of death, they would not attempt to return to their homeland. In memory of this sad event, called "The Philosophical Ship", in 2003 in St. Petersburg, a sign was installed on the embankment of Vasilyevsky Island.

In places of compact residence of emigrants, educational institutions, libraries, newspapers, and churches became centers of Russian culture. A public system of higher education was created: the Russian Free University in Prague, eight universities in Paris (commercial, Russian Polytechnic, Orthodox Theological Institutes, Russian Conservatory, Franco-Russian Institute, etc.). By the end of the 1920s. The process of separation of foreign parishes from the Moscow Patriarchate and the formation of the Russian Church Abroad was completed. There were about 20 Russian bookstores in Paris.

Despite all the difficulties, the cultural life of the emigration remained very intense. For example, I.A. Bunin, who perceived the revolution as the death of Russia (the terrible mental breakdown and rejection of Soviet power is reflected in “Cursed Days”), lived for more than thirty years in Grasse, in the south of France. Here, after a long creative crisis, he began to write again. During these years, his main book was published - the autobiography of a fictional person “The Life of Arsenyev”, as well as a series of stories (“Mitya’s Love”, etc.). In November 1933 I.A. Bunin

became the first Russian writer to win the Nobel Prize. This is co-

existence had a huge international public resonance. And in 1946 in

Bunin's book "Dark Alleys" was published in Paris - a book about love, the most poetic

And Bunin’s most perfect creation in terms of skill, which he wrote throughout the war, while in poverty and hunger.

Artist N.K. Roerich, who left Russia back in 1916, lived for the last 20 years in India, where he founded the Himalayan Research Institute. Since 1923, Marc Chagall lived and worked in France. In the 70s he donated a series of his works to the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow. Widely known in the 20-30s. received songs by A. Vertinsky, who created his own special style on the stage.

They all lived with memories of that Russia that was so close to them

Russian culture extends far beyond the borders of our homeland. This is also the opinion of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, which decided to create an electronic database of Russian cultural heritage objects abroad. It will include descriptions and photographs of monasteries and churches of the Russian Orthodox Church located abroad, necropolises, cemeteries, burials and monuments dedicated to outstanding Russian figures. A map of Russian cultural heritage will also be developed, on which the most significant objects will be marked. We suggest getting to know some of them now.

1. Pukhtitsa Assumption Monastery, Estonia

The Pükhtitsa Dormition Monastery is an Orthodox female stauropegial monastery located in the Estonian village of Kuremäe. It was founded back in 1891 and has never closed since then.

2. Russian cemetery Cocade, France

The Russian cemetery of Cocade, located on the western outskirts of Nice, was opened in 1867. More than 3,000 Russian citizens who died in France and forced emigrants after the events of 1917 in Russia are buried there.

3. Cemetery of Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois, France

The cemetery of Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois in Paris is the largest Russian foreign cemetery. Founded by emigrants in 1927, it is still a place of pilgrimage for many Russians. Such famous cultural figures as Ivan Bunin, Zinaida Gippius, Konstantin Korovin, Andrei Tarkovsky are buried here.

4. Holy Trinity Monastery, USA

Holy Trinity Monastery is the largest and oldest monastery Russian Orthodox Church in USA. It was built in 1929 in Jordanville. Today the monastery operates a theological seminary, a publishing house, an icon-painting workshop, a library and a historical museum.

5. Monument to Fyodor Dostoevsky, Germany

In 2006, a monument to Fyodor Dostoevsky was unveiled in Dresden. It was set in a German city where the Russian writer often visited. It was in Dresden that Dostoevsky wrote the novels “The Eternal Husband” and “Demons.”

6. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, France

The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Paris was built in the mid-18th century according to the design of architects Roman Kuzmin and Ivan Shtrom. Its construction aroused such keen interest among the French that even foreign Catholics and Protestants joined in donating for the construction.

7. Monument to Peter I, Belgium

In Belgium there is a monument dedicated to Peter I, which was erected in Antwerp in 1998. Interestingly, in this city there is a law prohibiting the erection of monuments to political figures. An exception was made only for the Russian emperor.

8. Monument to A.S. Pushkin, Ethiopia

The first monument to the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin on the African continent was erected in the capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, in 2002. The bronze bust by sculptor Belashov is intended to remind local residents of the African roots of the “sun of Russian poetry.”

9. Monument to Leo Tolstoy, India

There are two monuments to Leo Tolstoy in India; one of the central streets of the capital is also named after him. Indians owe such love for the Russian classic to Mahatma Gandhi, who admired the author of “War and Peace” and often quoted him.

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