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Eternal images of the studied works. System of images, “eternal themes”, “eternal images

Eternal images- this is the name of the images of world literature, which are indicated by the great power of bad generalization and have become a universal spiritual acquisition.

These include Prometheus, Moses, Faust, Don Juan, Don Quixote, Hamlet and others. Arising in specific socio-historical conditions, these images lose historical specificity and are perceived as universal human types, images - symbols. New and new generations of writers turn to them, giving them interpretations determined by their time (“Caucasus” by T. Shevchenko, “The Stone Master” by L. Ukrainka, “Moses” by I. Frank, etc.)

Prometheus's mind, fortitude, heroic service to people, courageous suffering for the sake of their happiness have always attracted people. It is not for nothing that this image is one of the “eternal images.” It is known that the concept of “Prometheism” exists in literature. The meaning is the eternal desire for heroic action, insubordination, and the ability to sacrifice for the sake of humanity. So it is not without reason that this image encourages brave people to new searches and discoveries.

This is probably why musicians and artists turned to the image of Prometheus different eras. It is known that the image of Prometheus was admired by Goethe, Byron, Shelley, Shevchenko, Lesya Ukrainka, Ivan, Rylsky. The titan spirit inspired famous artists- Michelangelo, Titian, composers - Beethoven, Wagner, Scriabin.

The “eternal image” of Hamlet from the tragedy of the same name by William Shakespeare has become a certain symbol of culture and received new life in art different countries and eras.

Hamlet embodied man late Renaissance. A person who comprehended the limitlessness of the world and his own capabilities and was confused before this limitlessness. This is a deeply tragic image. Hamlet understands reality well, soberly assesses everything that surrounds him, and firmly stands on the side of good. But his tragedy is that he cannot take decisive action and defeat evil.

His indecisiveness is not a sign of cowardice: he is a brave, outspoken person. His doubts are the result of deep thoughts about the nature of evil. Circumstances require him to take the life of his father's killer. He doubts because he perceives this revenge as a manifestation of evil: murder always remains murder, even when a villain is killed.

The image of Hamlet is the image of a person who understands his responsibility in resolving the conflict between good and evil, who stands on the side of good, but his internal moral laws do not allow him to take decisive action.

Goethe turns to the image of Hamlet, who interpreted this image as a kind of Faust, a “damned poet” forced to atone for the sins of civilization. This image acquired particular significance among the romantics. It was they who discovered the “eternity” and universality of the image created by Shakespeare. Hamlet in their understanding is almost the first romantic hero who painfully experiences the imperfections of the world.

This image has not lost its relevance in the 20th century - the century of social upheaval, when each person decides for himself the eternal “Hamlet” question. Already at the beginning of the 20th century English writer Thomas Eliot wrote the poem “The Love Song of Alfred Prufrock,” which reflected the poet’s despair at the realization of the meaninglessness of existence. Critics accurately called the main character of this poem the fallen Hamlet of the 20th century. The Russian I. Annensky, M. Tsvetaeva, B. Pasternak turned to the image of Hamlet in their works.

Cervantes lived out his life in poverty and alone, although throughout his life he was known as the author of the brilliant novel Don Quixote. Neither the writer himself nor his contemporaries knew that several centuries would pass, and his heroes would not only not be forgotten, but would become “the most popular Spaniards,” and their compatriots would erect a monument to them, that they would emerge from the novel and live their own lives in the works of prose writers and playwrights, poets, artists, composers. Today it is difficult to list how many works of art were created under the influence of the images of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza: Goya and Picasso, Massenet and Minkus turned to them.

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ESSAY

ETERNAL IMAGES IN WORLD LITERATURE

Eternal images are artistic images of works of world literature in which the writer, based on the vital material of his time, was able to create a lasting generalization applicable in the life of subsequent generations. These images acquire a nominal meaning and retain artistic significance right up to our time. These are also mythological, biblical, folklore and literary characters who clearly expressed moral and ideological content that is significant for all mankind and have been repeatedly embodied in literature. different nations and eras. Each era and each writer puts their own meaning into the interpretation of each character, depending on what they want to convey to the outside world through this eternal image.

An archetype is a primary image, an original; universal human symbols that form the basis of myths, folklore and culture itself as a whole and are passed down from generation to generation (stupid king, evil stepmother, faithful servant).

In contrast to the archetype, which primarily reflects the “genetic”, original characteristics of the human psyche, eternal images are always a product of conscious activity, have their own “nationality”, time of occurrence and, therefore, reflect not only the universal human perception of the world, but also a certain historical and cultural experience embedded in artistic image. The universal character of eternal images is given by “the kinship and commonality of the problems facing humanity, the unity of the psychophysiological properties of man.

However, representatives of different social strata at different times invested their own, often unique, content into “eternal images,” i.e., eternal images are not absolutely stable and unchanging. Each eternal image has a special central motif, which gives it the corresponding cultural meaning and without which it loses its significance.

One cannot but agree that it is much more interesting for people of a particular era to compare an image with themselves when they themselves find themselves in the same life situations. On the other hand, if an eternal image loses significance for the majority of a social group, this does not mean that it disappears forever from that culture.

Each eternal image can experience only external changes, since the central motive associated with it is the essence that forever assigns a special quality to it, for example, Hamlet has the “fate” of being a philosophizing avenger, Romeo and Juliet - eternal love, Prometheus - humanism. Another thing is that the attitude towards the very essence of the hero can be different in each culture.

Mephistopheles is one of the “eternal images” of world literature. He is the hero of J. V. Goethe’s tragedy “Faust”.

Folklore and fiction different countries and peoples often used the motive of concluding an alliance between a demon - the spirit of evil and a person. Sometimes poets were attracted by the story of the “fall”, “expulsion from paradise” of the biblical Satan, sometimes by his rebellion against God. There were also farces that were close to folklore sources; in them the devil was given the place of a mischief maker, a cheerful deceiver who often got into trouble. The name "Mephistopheles" has become synonymous with a caustic and evil mocker. This is where the expressions arose: “Mephistophelian laughter, smile” - sarcastic and evil; “Mephistophelian facial expression” - sarcastic and mocking.

Mephistopheles is a fallen angel who has an eternal debate with God about good and evil. He believes that a person is so corrupt that, succumbing to even a slight temptation, he can easily give his soul to him. He is also confident that humanity is not worth saving. Throughout the entire work, Mephistopheles shows that there is nothing sublime in man. He must prove, using the example of Faust, that man is evil. Very often in conversations with Faust, Mephistopheles behaves like a real philosopher who follows human life and its progress with great interest. But this is not his only image. In communication with other heroes of the work, he shows himself from a completely different side. He will never leave his interlocutor behind and will be able to maintain a conversation on any topic. Mephistopheles himself says several times that he does not have absolute power. The main decision always depends on the person, and he can only take advantage of the wrong choice. But he did not force people to sell their souls, to sin, he left the right of choice to everyone. Each person has the opportunity to choose exactly what his conscience and dignity allow him to do. eternal image artistic archetype

It seems to me that the image of Mephistopheles will be relevant at all times, because there will always be something that will tempt humanity.

There are many more examples of eternal images in literature. But they have one thing in common: they all reveal eternal human feelings and aspirations, try to solve eternal problems that torment people of any generation.

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"Eternal Images"- artistic images of works of world literature, in which the writer, based on the vital material of his time, managed to create a lasting generalization applicable in the life of subsequent generations. These images acquire a nominal meaning and retain artistic significance right up to our time.

Thus, Prometheus summarizes the features of a person who is ready to give his life for the good of the people; Antea embodies the inexhaustible power that an inextricable connection with his native land, with his people gives to a person; in Faust - man’s indomitable desire to understand the world. This determines the meaning of the images of Prometheus, Antaeus and Faust and the appeal to them by advanced representatives of social thought. The image of Prometheus, for example, was extremely highly valued by K. Marx.

The image of Don Quixote, created by the famous Spanish writer Miguel Cervantes (XVI - XVII centuries), personifies a noble, but devoid of vital soil, dreaming; Hamlet, the hero of Shakespeare's tragedy (XVI - early XVII centuries), is a common image of a divided person, torn by contradictions. Tartuffe, Khlestakov, Plyushkin, Don Juan and similar images live for many years in the consciousness of a number of human generations, since they summarize the typical shortcomings of a person of the past, stable traits of human character, brought up by feudal and capitalist society.

“Eternal images” are created in a certain historical setting and only in connection with it can they be fully understood. They are “eternal,” that is, applicable in other eras, to the extent that the human character traits generalized in these images are stable. In the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism, there are often references to such images for their application in a new historical situation (for example, the images of Prometheus, Don Quixote, etc.).

According to the modern illustrated encyclopedia "Literature and Language":

“Eternal images” are mythological, biblical, folklore and literary characters who clearly expressed moral and ideological content that is significant for all mankind and have been repeatedly embodied in the literature of different countries and eras (Prometheus, Odysseus, Cain, Faust, Mephistopheles, Hamlet, Don Juan , Don Quixote, etc.). Each era and each writer puts its own meaning into the interpretation of one or another eternal image, which is due to their multi-colored and multi-valued nature, the wealth of possibilities inherent in them (for example, Cain was interpreted both as an envious fratricide and as a brave fighter against God; Faust - as a magician and a miracle worker, as a lover of pleasure, as a scientist, obsessed with a passion for knowledge, and as a seeker of the meaning of human life; Don Quixote - as a comic and tragic figure, etc.). Often in literature, characters are created as variations of eternal images, which are given different nationalities. features, or they are placed in a different time (as a rule, closer to the author of the new work) and/or in an unusual situation (“Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district” by I.S. Turgenev, “Antigone” by J. Anouilh), sometimes they are ironically reduced or parodied (satirical story by N. Elin and V. Kashaev “Mephistopheles’ Mistake”, 1981). Characters whose names have become household names in the world and national world are also close to eternal images. literature: Tartuffe and Jourdain (“Tartuffe” and “The Bourgeois in the Nobility” by J.B. Molière), Carmen (the short story of the same name by P. Merimee), Molchalin (“Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov), Khlestakov, Plyushkin (“ The Inspector" and "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol), etc.

In contrast to the archetype, which primarily reflects the “genetic”, original characteristics of the human psyche, eternal images are always a product of conscious activity, have their own “nationality”, time of occurrence and, therefore, reflect not only the specifics of the universal human perception of the world, but also a certain historical and cultural experience embodied in an artistic image.

The Directory of Literary Terms gives the following definition:

“Eternal images” are artistic images of works of world literature, in which the writer, based on the vital material of his time, was able to create a lasting generalization applicable in the life of subsequent generations. These images acquire a nominal meaning and retain artistic significance right up to our time.

In the context of this course work The definition of “eternal images” from the reference book of literary terms is much closer in meaning than the similar definition of a modern illustrated encyclopedia, and I will take it as a basis.

So, “eternal images” are artistic images of works of world literature in which the writer, based on the vital material of his time, was able to create a lasting generalization applicable in the life of subsequent generations.

If people from different centuries could meet and talk about literature or simply life, then the names of Hamlet, Faust, Don Juan would unite the interlocutors. These heroes seem to emerge from the works and live their own independent lives; artists and sculptors, composers, playwrights, and poets dedicate their works to them, trying to create their portraits. There are many monuments in the world to heroes who have left the pages of books.

The tragic Hamlet, the dissolute Don Juan, the mysterious Faust, the dreamy Don Quixote - these are the images I explored in my work.

Eternal images are artistic images of works of world literature in which the writer, based on the vital material of his time, was able to create a lasting generalization applicable in the life of subsequent generations. These images acquire a nominal meaning and retain artistic significance right up to our time. These are also mythological, biblical, folklore and literary characters who clearly expressed moral and ideological content that is significant for all mankind and were repeatedly embodied in the literature of different peoples and eras. Each era and each writer puts their own meaning into the interpretation of each character, depending on what they want to convey to the outside world through this eternal image.

In contrast to the archetype, which primarily reflects the “genetic”, original characteristics of the human psyche, eternal images are always a product of conscious activity, have their own “nationality”, time of occurrence and, therefore, reflect not only the universal human perception of the world, but also a certain historical and cultural experience embodied in an artistic image. The universal character of eternal images is given by “the kinship and commonality of the problems facing humanity, the unity of the psychophysiological properties of man.

Mephistopheles is one of the “eternal images” of world literature. He is the hero of J. V. Goethe’s tragedy “Faust”.

Folklore and fiction from different countries and peoples often used the motif of an alliance between a demon - the spirit of evil and a person. Sometimes poets were attracted by the story of the “fall”, “expulsion from paradise” of the biblical Satan, sometimes by his rebellion against God. There were also farces that were close to folklore sources; in them the devil was given the place of a mischief maker, a cheerful deceiver who often got into trouble. The name "Mephistopheles" has become synonymous with a caustic and evil mocker. This is where the expressions arose: “Mephistophelian laughter, smile” - sarcastic and evil; “Mephistophelian facial expression” - sarcastic and mocking.

It seems to me that the image of Mephistopheles will be relevant at all times, because there will always be something that will tempt humanity.

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