Arguments for composing the Unified State Exam – a large collection. Modern intelligence
D. S. Likhachev wrote: “... intelligence is equal to moral health, and health is needed to live long, not only physically, but also mentally.”
I consider the great writer A.I. Solzhenitsyn to be a truly intelligent person. He lived a difficult life, but until the end of his days he remained physically and morally healthy.
The problem of nobility.
Bulat Okudzhava wrote:
Conscience, Nobility and Dignity - This is our holy army.
Extend your palm to him, You won’t be afraid for him even into the fire.
His face is high and amazing. Dedicate your short life to him.
You may not become a winner, but you will die like a person.
The greatness of morality and nobility are components of the feat. In Boris Lvovich Vasiliev’s work “Not on the Lists,” Nikolai Pluzhnikov remains a man in any situation: in a relationship with the woman he loves, under continuous German bombing. This is true heroism.
The problem of beauty.
Nikolai Zabolotsky reflects on beauty in his poem “The Ugly Girl”: “Is she a vessel in which there is emptiness or a fire flickering in the vessel?”
True beauty is spiritual beauty. L.N. Tolstoy convinces us of this, drawing images of Natasha Rostova Marya Bolkonskaya in the novel “War and Peace”.
The problem of happiness.
Wonderful lines about happiness from the poet Eduard Asadov:
See the beauty in the ugly,
See the river floods in the streams!
Who knows how to be happy on weekdays,
He really is a happy man.
Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: “Happiness is achieved by those who strive to make others happy and are able to forget about their interests and themselves, at least for a while.”
The problem of growing up.
When a person begins to realize his involvement in the decision of important life problems, he begins to grow up.
The words belonging to K. D. Ushinsky are true: “The purpose in life is the core of human dignity and human happiness.”
And the poet Eduard Asadov said this:
If you grow up, then from your youth,
After all, you mature not in years, but in deeds.
And everything that I didn’t have time to reach thirty,
Then, most likely you won’t have time.
The problem of education.
A. S. Makarenko wrote: “Our entire education system is the implementation of the slogan about attention to people. About attention not only to his interests, his needs, but also to his duty.”
S. Ya. Marshak has the lines: “Let your mind be kind, and your heart be smart.”
A teacher who has made his “heart smart” towards his pupil will achieve the desired result.
What is the meaning of human life
The famous Russian poet A. Voznesensky said:
The more we tear from our hearts,
The more it remains in our hearts.
The heroine of A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” lives according to the laws of goodness, forgiveness, and love. Matryona gives the warmth of her soul to people. She “is that very righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village does not stand. Neither the city. Neither the whole land is ours.”
The problem of learning.
Happy is the person who has a teacher in his life
For Altynai, the heroine of Chingiz Aitmatov’s story “The First Teacher,” Duishen was the teacher to whom “... in the most difficult moments of her life” she held an answer and “... did not dare to retreat” in the face of difficulties.
A person for whom the teaching profession is a vocation is Lidia Mikhailovna V. Rasputina “French Lessons”. It was she who became the main person for her student, whom he remembered all his life.
The problem of the importance of work in human life.
In relation to a person’s work it is measured moral value each of us.
K. D. Ushinsky said: “Self-education, if it wishes a person happiness, should educate him not for happiness, but prepare him for the work of life.”
And the Russian proverb says: “Without labor, you cannot take a fish out of the pond.”
According to V. A. Sukhomlinsky: “Work is necessary for a person just like food, it must be regular, systematic.”
The problem of self-restraint.
Human needs must be limited. A person must be able to manage himself.
In “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish” by A.S. Pushkin, the old woman lost everything that the Goldfish helped her acquire, because her desires exceeded the necessary limit.
Russian is fair folk proverb: “Better a bird in the hand than a pie in the sky.”
The problem of indifference.
Unfortunately, many people live by the proverb: “My house is on the edge - I don’t know anything.”
And a few more arguments:
1) G. Troepolsky. "White Bim Black Ear»
Bim meets different people– good, evil, indifferent. People like Tolik, Matryona, Dasha help the dog. There are also people who betray, poison, and kill. Bim suffers because of human anger.
Ivan Ivanovich instilled in Bima kindness and faith in people. When the owner was taken to the hospital, the dog was faithfully waiting for him. The two felt responsible for each other because they were “tamed.” Remembering the owner’s attitude towards him, Bim trustingly goes to people when Ivan Ivanovich is taken to the hospital.
2) V. Zheleznikov. "Scarecrow."
Moral Lessons story: do not be cruel to people, animals and plants - to all living things on earth; protect your human dignity, never allow anyone to trample on it; you need to learn to understand people, because disappointment hurts the soul.
Lena Bessoltseva, in the difficult trials that befell her adolescence, saw her grandfather next to her all the time, felt the strength of his character, leaned on his shoulder. Nikolai Nikolaevich helped her to stand and not break. Lena appreciated this. Yes, we need to take care of old people, listen to their advice, value their experience and willingness to share the misfortune of a loved one. This is a lesson for all of us.
The theme of teenagers' cruelty towards their peers, who are not like everyone else. Lena Bessoltseva became the object of ridicule in the class. Her classmates boycotted her, and then committed a terrible act: they burned an effigy of the girl at the stake. Iron Button, Red, Shaggy and other peers of Lena, who gave the girl difficult tests, I think, received a lesson for life.
The heroine of the story says to her classmates: “Honestly, I feel sorry for you. Poor you, poor people." What did Lena Bessoltseva mean and was she right? Yes, she’s right: her peers are poor not only in their lifestyle (lack of interests, empty pastime, primitive entertainment), but also in their spiritual qualities (rude, indifferent to the misfortune of others, envious, cruel).
3) A. Platonov. "Unknown flower"
This story is about a flower that grew among stones and clay. He worked hard, overcame a lot of obstacles to shine with living fire. The flower really wanted to live. It took great willpower and tireless stubbornness to survive.
A. Platonov in his fairy tale states that one must work hard in order to live and not die, in order to shine with a bright fire for others and call to oneself the joys of life with a silent voice.
“Really, adults are very strange people“We can repeat after the Little Prince. Often adults do not understand their children at all. Were they not little themselves? Why don’t they always answer children’s questions and listen to their child?
The little prince lived alone on a very small planet with only volcanoes. Every morning the hero cleaned his volcanoes and weeded the ground so that baobabs would not grow. And people, instead of maintaining order on their planet, cultivating their garden, decorating their home, wage wars and insult the beauty of life with their greed. The little prince claims that it is necessary to restore order on your planet and work every day.
The little prince goes traveling. He finds himself on planets where a king and an ambitious man, a drunkard and a business man, a lamplighter and a geographer live. The hero does not dwell on any of them, because he sees the vices, but does not understand and does not accept them. Lust for power and ambition, drunkenness and greed, fatalism and ignorance - all this interferes with people’s lives. Only on Earth, having met a snake, a flower and a fox, does the Little Prince learn the wisdom: “Only the heart is vigilant.” The hero returns to his planet, to Rose, whom he has already managed to tame.
This fairy tale teaches us to be “responsible for those who have been tamed,” that love can only be felt with the heart, that a person is threatened with loneliness among the crowd, that those who have no roots are doomed to loneliness.
5) Sasha Cherny. The story "On a Moonlit Night".
This story is about home, loneliness and happiness. All heroes, except children, are homeless and rootless. They lack happiness. And everyone needs it so much, because life is given to a person for happiness. The gardener dreams of buying back the house in which he was born. Lydia Pavlovna, sitting by the sea, remembers the last time she was madly and simply happy. But happiness is always nearby, you just need to be able to find it. The author leads readers to this conclusion.
The idea of the story is the desire for happiness, the ability to be happy in the world under the sun and moon with other people and nature.
6) K. Paustovsky. "Telegram".
“Be human,” says Paustovsky. “Repay good for good!” We must not forget about the closest, dearest people who need your attention, care, warmth, kind words, otherwise it may be too late. This happened with the main character the story of Nastya, who, due to the eternal bustle, lack of time, write and arrive within three years I didn't see my mother. And Katerina Petrovna was waiting for her only daughter, but she never received it. Held in last way fellow villagers lost an old woman, and her daughter was late for the funeral, cried all night and left the village early (I was ashamed in front of people). Nastya did not have time to ask her mother for forgiveness.
7) A. Green. "Green lamp"
The story is that a person must build his own destiny, overcoming difficulties, and not passively wait for luck, and not turn into another person’s “toy.” John Eve becomes a doctor at the end of the story. He managed to maintain his dignity and fulfilled his dream. Yes, a person is not a plaything of fate, but its creator, if he has the desire and will to achieve something, if he works and believes in himself and his strength.
Part 4 (Book by V.N. Alexandrov, O.I. Alexandrova “Encyclopedia of Arguments”)
By creating this book, we wanted to help students successfully pass the Unified State exam In Russian. In the process of preparing for the essay, a strange circumstance emerged at first glance: many high school students cannot substantiate this or that thesis with any examples. Television, books, newspapers, information from school textbooks, all this powerful flow of information should seem to provide the student with necessary material. Why is the hand writing an essay Helplessly freezes at the point where you need to argue your personal position?
The problems that a student experiences when he tries to substantiate this or that statement are caused rather not by the fact that he does not know some information, but by the fact that he cannot properly apply the information he knows. There are no arguments “from birth”; a statement acquires the function of an argument when it proves or refutes the truth or falsity of the thesis. An argument in an essay on the Unified State Exam in Russian acts as a certain semantic part that follows after a certain statement (everyone knows the logic of any proof: theorem - justification - conclusion),
In the narrow sense, in relation to an essay on the Unified State Exam, an argument should be considered an example that is designed in a certain way and occupies an appropriate place in the composition of the text.
An example is a fact or special case used as a starting point for a subsequent generalization or to reinforce a generalization made.
(1) Once upon a time, a very long time ago, they sent me an important edition of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” (2) For a long time I could not understand: what was the matter? (3) At the institute they signed that they received the book, but there was no book. (4) Finally it turned out that one respectable lady took it. (5) I asked the lady: “Did you take the book?” (6) “Yes,” she answered. - (7) I took it. (8) But if you need it so much, I can return it.” (9) And at the same time the lady smiles flirtatiously. (10) “But the book was sent to me. (P) If you need it, you should have asked me for it. (12) You put me in an awkward position in front of the person who sent it. (13) I didn’t even thank him.”
(14) I repeat: this was a long time ago. (15) And we could forget about this incident. (16) But still, sometimes I remember him - life reminds me.
(17) It really seems like such a trifle! (18) “Read” the book, “forget” to return it to the owner... (19) Now it has become as if in the order of things. (20) Many people make excuses by saying that I need this book more than the owner: I can’t do without it, but he can do!
(2 ^A new phenomenon has spread - “intellectual” theft, which seems to be completely excusable, justified by passion, a craving for culture. (22) Sometimes they even say that “reading” a book is not theft at all, but a sign of intelligence. (23) Think only: a dishonest act - and intelligence! (24) Don’t you think that this is simply color blindness? (25) Moral color blindness: we have forgotten how to distinguish between colors, or more precisely, to distinguish black from white (26) Theft is theft, theft is theft. , a dishonest act remains a dishonest act, no matter how and how they are justified (27) But a lie is a lie, and in the end I don’t believe that a lie can be a salvation (28) After all, even riding as a “hare” on a tram. - this is theft. (29) There is no small theft, there is no small theft - there is just theft and just theft (ZO) There is no small deception and great deception - there is just deception, a lie (31) It is not without reason that they say: faithful in small things. - and is true in the big. (32) Someday, by chance, you will fleetingly remember an insignificant episode when you sacrificed your conscience in the most seemingly harmless and insignificant way - and you will feel the reproach of your conscience. (33) And you will understand that if anyone suffered from your trifling, insignificant act, then you yourself suffered first of all - your conscience and your dignity.
(D.S. Likhachev)
Composition
Is it possible, considering oneself a cultured and intelligent person, to allow dishonorable acts in relation to others and to yourself? Where are the acceptable limits of lies and dishonesty? The famous literary critic and publicist D.S. discusses this. Likhachev.
It would seem like an ordinary case: someone took someone else’s book and “forgot” to return it. At the same time, there was not even a feeling of awkwardness from having let the other person down, putting him in an ambiguous position. The author called this modern phenomenon “moral color blindness” and tried to explore the problem from the point of view of ethical standards. Whatever explanations the supporters of such actions put forward, one thing remains unconditional: theft remains theft, a lie can never be justified. By forgiving yourself for small evils, it is easy to slide into great evil. By sacrificing your conscience, committing an immoral act, you yourself will suffer, wittingly or unwittingly destroying your dignity. And with this statement D.S. Likhachev, you will certainly agree if you consider yourself an intelligent person or strive to be so.
Writers of the nineteenth century often addressed problems of moral purity and decency. The heroes of Pushkin, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Dostoevsky made mistakes, suffered, doubted, but always retained their moral dignity. Pyotr Grinev, hero of "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. Pushkin, observes his father’s behest “take care of honor from a young age” and does not lose dignity either in front of the formidable Pugachev or in the face of death. He protects not only his good name, but also the honor of his beloved.
Favorite heroes of L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” go through serious moral tests and do it with honor, without stooping to cowardice and humiliation. Old Prince Bolkonsky, seeing off his son to the active army, says that he can survive his death, but he will not survive
dishonor. And for Prince Andrey, the concepts of duty and honor are unshakable. Of course, his son will also be faithful to these traditions.
Why have many moral concepts and values been so devalued today? Perhaps we should be more demanding and uncompromising of our own conscience and the actions of those around us.
(1) Many people think: an intelligent person is one who has read a lot, received a good education (and even mainly in the humanities), traveled a lot, and knows several languages.
(2) Meanwhile, you can have all this and be unintelligent, and you can not possess any of this to a large extent, but still be an internally intelligent person.
(3) Deprive a truly intelligent person of his memory completely. (4) Let him forget everything in the world, not know the classics of literature, not remember the greatest works of art, forget the most important historical events, but if at the same time he retains sensitivity to cultural values, an aesthetic sense, he can distinguish a real work of art from a crude one. gizmo”, made only to surprise, if he can admire the beauty of nature, understand the character and individuality of another person, enter into his position, and having understood the other person, help him, will not show rudeness, indifference, gloating, envy, but will appreciate the other by dignity - this is what an intelligent person will be... (b) Intelligence is not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to understand another.
(6) It manifests itself in a thousand and a thousand little things: in the ability to argue respectfully, to behave modestly at the table, in the ability to quietly (precisely imperceptibly) help another, to take care of nature, not to litter around oneself - do not litter with cigarette butts or swearing, bad ideas (this also rubbish, and whatnot!).
(7) I knew peasants in the Russian North who were truly intelligent. (8) They maintained amazing cleanliness in their homes, knew how to appreciate good songs, knew how to tell “happenings” (that is, what happened to them or others), lived an orderly life, were hospitable and friendly, and treated the grief of others with understanding , and to the joy of others.
(9) Intelligence is the ability to understand, to perceive, it is a tolerant attitude towards the world and towards people.
(1 (^Intelligence must be developed, trained in oneself, - mental strength must be trained, just as physical strength is trained. (11) And training is possible and necessary in any conditions.
(12) That training physical strength contributes to longevity is understandable. (13) Much less understands that longevity also requires training of spiritual and mental strength.
(14) The point is that an angry and angry reaction to the environment, rudeness and lack of understanding of others is a sign of mental and spiritual weakness, human inability to live... (15) Pushing around in a crowded bus - a weak and nervous person, exhausted, wrong responsive to everything. (16) Quarreling with neighbors is also a person who does not know how to live, who is mentally deaf. (17) An aesthetically unresponsive person is also an unhappy person. (18) Someone who cannot understand another person, who attributes only evil intentions to him, who is always offended by others - this is also a person who impoverishes his own life and interferes with the lives of others. (19) Mental weakness leads to physical weakness. (20) I am not a doctor, but I am convinced of this. (21) Many years of experience have convinced me of this.
(22) Friendliness and kindness make a person not only physically healthy, but also beautiful. (23) Yes, exactly beautiful.
(24) A person’s face, which is often distorted by anger, becomes ugly, and the movements of an evil person are deprived
We need grace - not deliberate grace, but natural grace, which is much more expensive.
(25) A person’s social duty is to be intelligent. (26) This is a duty to yourself. (27) This is the guarantee of his personal happiness and the “aura of goodwill” around him and towards him (that is, addressed to him).
(D.S. Likhachev)
Composition
How often we use the expression “intelligent person” without really thinking about its true meaning. We often confuse the concepts of “intelligence” and “education”, but this is far from the same thing.
Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, being a truly intelligent person, helps us understand the differences between true and false intelligence. The problem of imaginary and genuine culture, morality and intelligence is especially relevant today. After all, how often behind the mask of external integrity lies spiritual callousness and emptiness. According to Likhachev, “intelligence is not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to understand others.” The author believes that intelligence can and should be developed and trained. It is also interesting to think that a person’s state of mind affects his physical health. Over the centuries, the Russian intelligentsia created spiritual wealth, filled life moral sense despite persecution and humiliation. We see this in the example literary heroes, such as Bulgakov's professor Preobrazhensky, who dedicated his life to serving science and understands that louts who do not need either science or culture have come to power. Malice and envy guide the actions of these little ballers. They are not able to build, they only destroy.
An interesting image is of the old provincial intellectual from the story “Scarecrow” by writer Vladimir Zheleznikov.
Kolay Nikolaevich Bessoltsev, a collector of paintings. His main qualities are kindness and selflessness, and he teaches this to his granddaughter Lena, although people are cruel and unfair to them. But they will not become different, since they have an inherent intelligence.
Final words Likhachev’s articles are addressed to each of us: “A person’s social duty is to be intelligent. This is a duty to yourself.” It's worth listening to them.
We like to communicate. Even just being next to them is somehow more pleasant. A special power emanates from them: understanding, awareness, goodwill. Is this what intelligence is? We will try to formulate what it is and how to recognize it in a person in our short conversation.
We will rely on statements and observations from psychology and social sciences. This concept has become interesting not only to us here and now, but also to researchers of human character. Modern realities have changed little in the essence of the concept, which means that knowing it is just as useful.
What is intelligence: definition and essence
Intelligence is usually called those that together help him meet social expectations in a variety of ways. It is considered an obligatory attribute of the stratum of the population, considered advanced, to some extent elite. The bearers of the cultural fund of humanity are also credited with intelligence.
The problem of intelligence is interesting from the perspective of its constituent elements. Through them it will be easier for us to highlight the essence of the concept.
Components of intelligence
The concept of intelligence includes psychological, intellectual, and ethical aspects.
Thus, independent thinking, conscious conclusions about certain facts of the surrounding world, control of behavior and emotionality are some of the brightest manifestations of intelligence.
The essence of the concept through its components
Intelligence is the ability to think independently, to make judgments about the affairs of people and the manifestations of the universe. This also includes such ethical concepts as nobility and cordiality. Intellectual productivity, mental alertness, firmness and reliability of what is said by a bearer of intelligence (we will call such a person that way), tolerance for other manifestations of human character are also identified as components. They help you understand better point intelligence.
The attitude towards the cultural and scientific achievements of one’s people and humanity as a whole is important for intelligence. Thus, a person is supposed to be interested in and respect history, art and other directions in the development of human thought.
Why does a modern person need intelligence?
The importance of intelligence should not be underestimated even in the age of radically new ways of interaction between individuals (we mean electronic technologies). So, it gives us the strength to remain friendly and open to people. Understanding and accepting new things, demonstrating emotions, respecting the opinions of others and not interfering in their personal spheres of life is already intelligence. What else is special about it?
Being an intelligent person, a person steadfastly endures manifestations of rudeness and lack of culture, expresses his thoughts more freely and is ready to resist injustice. He has a developed sense of the common good, high moral values, which are usually called traditional.
How to become an intelligent person?
To develop your intelligence, you need to constantly work on your personal qualities.
It all starts in the family. It is upbringing that forms the first communication skills, respect for other people’s opinions, and the ability to listen and hear. The foundation of intelligence is laid by parents through upbringing in a favorable atmosphere.
Reading contributes to this in the best possible way. Classic literature will nourish the brain and the sense of beauty.
Although education in educational institutions- this is not all, but it is an equally important factor. The information and social environment gives a lot to a person. Among intelligent people, the personality itself begins to rise to their level.
An interesting factor in the development of intelligence is charity in all possible forms. By learning to give and help in word and deed, a person always grows above himself. A sense of responsibility for one’s actions also develops, as does a great awareness of one’s help to others. This is a kind of self-education by which a person is able to transform himself.
How to recognize an intelligent person?
The signs of intelligence are quite specific. So, from the first words a person utters, you will hear a logical competent speech, decorated with aphorisms. His education is predominantly higher. Behavior is reserved, but sincere, a wonderful sense of humor.
Good manners are a mandatory sign of an intelligent person. At the same time, he refrains from condemning the behavior of others until he knows their motives.
conclusions
Thus, we have formed a certain image of the concept of “intelligence”. What it is, how this trait manifests itself and what it can give to its bearer - all this is now easier to imagine.
We like the manifestation of this trait in other people, because communication with such individuals is extremely pleasant. To improve yourself, it is worth developing and maintaining intelligence. What it is for you personally - you will determine when you realize what you need. Let us briefly summarize the generally accepted concept in such a way that intelligence is expressed in the emotional, intellectual, cultural, and ethical aspects of the human personality.
The value of intelligence is great. Develop these qualities in yourself, it will be easier for you to form a full-fledged personality. Thus, developing intelligence in oneself means growing above all oneself.
Two years ago, my students and I compiled these arguments for Option C.
1) What is the meaning of life?
1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin comes to mind. Bitter is the fate of those who have not found their place in life! Onegin is a gifted person, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:
Having lived without a goal, without work
Until twenty-six years old,
Languishing in idle leisure,
No work, no wife, no business
I didn't know how to do anything.
2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, his activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?..”
3.Throughout life path Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to think about the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of L.N. Tolstoy’s novel, we meet Pierre, carried away by the ideas of Decembrism, protesting against the existing social system and fighting for the just life of the very people of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, this organic combination of the personal and the national contains both the meaning of life and happiness.
2) Fathers and sons. Upbringing.
1. It seems like Bazarov - positive hero in the novel by I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. He is smart, brave, independent in his judgment, a progressive man of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Evgeny practically does not communicate with old people. How sad they are! And only Odintsova he said beautiful words about their parents, but the old people themselves never heard of them.
2. In general, the problem of “fathers” and “children” is typical for Russian literature. In A.N. Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm,” it takes on a tragic sound, since young people who want to live by their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the domostroy.
And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children represented by Yevgeny Bazarov is already decisively going their own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between two generations are often painful.
3) Impudence. Rudeness. Behavior in society.
1. Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor” says unforgivable, rude words. In Mrs. Prostakova's house, rude language and beatings are a common occurrence. So mother says to Pravdin: “...now I scold, now I fight; This is how the house holds together.”
2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” He is rude to dependent people, speaks grumpily, rudely, calls the servants names in every possible way, regardless of their age.
3. You can cite the image of the mayor from the comedy “The Inspector General”. A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.
4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.
1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel “Crime and Punishment”. It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, and spiritual impasse that gave rise to Raskolnikov’s absurd theory. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, poverty is everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of the children. Standing up for the disadvantaged is what matures in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.
5) The problem of mercy.
1. It seems that from all the pages of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person calls for our mercy and compassion: “Love your neighbor ..." The author believes that a person must find his way "to the kingdom of light and thought." He believes that a time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.
2. In maintaining compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor”. In all the trials that degrade human dignity, Matryona remains sincere, responsive, ready to help, capable of rejoicing in the happiness of others. This is the image of a righteous woman, a keeper of spiritual values. Without her, according to the proverb, “the village, the city, the whole land is not worth it.”
6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.
1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you feel horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the cannonball would explode. Bolkonsky could not do otherwise. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, remain silent, or hide from danger. They die before others because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.
7) The problem of happiness.
1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” leads us, the readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in fame, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Prince Andrei, before his death, defines his state as “happiness”, located in intangible and external influences souls, - “the happiness of love”... The hero seems to be returning to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural existence.
2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Live a simple life and appreciate what you have. 4.Give more. 5. Expect less.
8) My favorite work.
They say that every person in his life must raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the human soul the necessary moral foundation on which a temple of spirituality can be built. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; The fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life.”
9) The theme of friendship.
Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are people of “crystal honest, crystal soul.” They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the “marrow of the bones” of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the “carnival masks” of high society, complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. The heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their life and friendship.
10) Faith in God. Christian motives.
1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies “ God's man", which has not lost in cruel world connection with God, a passionate desire for “Life in Christ.” IN scary world In the novel Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral ray of light that warms the heart of a criminal. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So Dostoevsky thought, so Gumilyov later wrote:
2. The heroes of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son - Rodion returns to real life and to God. Only at the end of the novel does he see “morning”, and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Bible stories became the basis for the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:
There is God, there is peace, they live forever;
And people's lives are instantaneous and miserable,
But a person contains everything within himself,
Who loves the world and believes in God.
11)Patriotism.
1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.
Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells his estate to equip the regiment. True patriots There were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov is rushing to the front because “The Fatherland is in danger.” Russian men, dressed in soldiers' greatcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.
2. In Pushkin’s poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His “Poltava”, “Boris Godunov”, all appeals to Peter the Great, “slanderers of Russia”, his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the power of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.
12) Family.
We, the readers, arouse special sympathy for the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” whose behavior reveals high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The sense of family, which the Rostovs take sacred in peaceful life, will turn out to be historically significant in the course of Patriotic War 1812.
13) Conscience.
1.Probably, the last thing we, readers, expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” was an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough man. Bezukhov is surprised by this. We seem to see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, frees a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he has difficulty speaking, seeing Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.
2. Conscientious means a decent, honest person, endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, and kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. The fate of one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism is unenviable.
3. It seems to me that issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And one more time Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all his father’s debts. This is what people usually do with honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.
4. The best features of Grinev from the story by A.S. Pushkin “ Captain's daughter", conditioned by upbringing, manifest themselves in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In conditions of rebellion, the hero maintains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself; he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.
14) Education. His role in human life.
1. A.S. Griboedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were amazed by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy, the Faculty of Science and Mathematics and the Faculty of Law) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German languages, spoke Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of theater. He was one of the excellent writers and diplomats.
We consider 2.M.Yu. Lermontov to be one of the great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership considered his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished by a high level of self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, and played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left his descendants a rich creative heritage.
15) Officials. Power.
1. I. Krylov, N. V. Gogol, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and pander to their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. No wonder Shchedrin is called a prosecutor public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.
2. In the comedy “The Inspector General,” Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, portrayed a vulgar society plunged into universal deception. Officials are far from the people, busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a “disease.” Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Zemlyanika and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves before their superiors, but they do not consider simple petitioners to be people.
3. Our society has moved to a new level of management, so the order in the country has changed, the fight against corruption and inspections are underway. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians emptiness covered by indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.
16) Intelligence. Spirituality.
1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and by his spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” is my favorite hero, whom young men of our generation can imitate. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He is characterized by such character traits that make up spirituality as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, and mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the prince’s feat is not only that he rushed with a banner at the enemy, but also that he consciously abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.
2. In comedy " The Cherry Orchard“A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are incapable of work, don’t read anything serious, only talk about science, and understand little about art. He believes that humanity must improve its strength, work hard, help those who suffer, and strive for moral purity.
3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? Eat!"
17)Mother. Motherhood.
1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn remembered his mother, who sacrificed a lot for her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband’s “White Guard” and her father’s “former wealth,” she could not work in an institution that paid well, although she knew very well foreign languages, studied shorthand and typewriting. Great writer I am grateful to my mother for doing everything to instill in him diverse interests and give him a higher education. In his memory, his mother remained an example of universal moral values.
2.V.Ya.Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic praise to the woman-mother. This is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.
18) Labor is laziness.
Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains the following passionate lines:
And the right to a place in life
Only to those whose days are in labor:
Glory to the workers only,
Only for them - a wreath for centuries!
19) Theme of love.
Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul became enlightened. In the poem: “I loved you...” the poet’s feeling is anxious, love has not yet cooled down, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:
I loved you silently, hopelessly,
We are tormented by timidity and jealousy...
The nobility of the poet's feelings, tinged with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, enchantingly musical. This is the true power of love, which resists vanity, indifference, and dullness!
20)Purity of language.
1.During its history, Russia has experienced three eras of contamination of the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were over three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the end of the 20th century - beginning of XXI centuries, when we witnessed the degradation of language. Just look at the phrase heard on television: “Don’t slow down – grab a snicker!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate bureaucracy, jargon, and an abundance of foreign words that displace beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.
2. Pushkin did not have the opportunity to save the Fatherland from enemies, but he was given the opportunity to decorate, elevate and glorify its language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and “hit the hearts” of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:
I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,
How God grant that your beloved be different!
21)Nature. Ecology.
1. It is typical for I. Bunin’s poetry careful attitude to nature, he worries about its preservation, about its purity, so his lyrics contain a lot of bright, rich colors of love and hope. Nature feeds the poet with optimism; through its images he expresses his philosophy of life:
My spring will pass, and this day will pass,
But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes,
Meanwhile, the happiness of living will never die...
In the poem “Forest Road,” nature is the source of happiness and beauty for humans.
2.V. Astafiev’s book “The Fish Tsar” consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters “Dream of the White Mountains” and “King Fish” talk about the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His duel with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his discussions about man and the world around him, Astafiev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.
3.Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in human history, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died painful deaths. Chernobyl contamination continues to cause increased mortality among people of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the effects of radiation. The accident at the nuclear power plant resulted in a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders... People must remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, know about the dangers of radiation and do everything to ensure that such disasters never happen again.
22) The role of art.
My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Taho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on people:
You can live without Pushkin
And without Mozart's music too -
Without everything that is spiritually dearer,
Without a doubt, you can live.
Even better, calmer, simpler
Without absurd passions and worries
And more carefree, of course,
But how can this deadline be met?..
23) About our little brothers.
1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me,” where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unwanted animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a household idol. The whole family of the poetess joyfully worshiped him. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, “Responsible for everyone I have tamed,” she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers,” towards creatures who are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .
2. In many of Jack London’s works, humans and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When you are the only representative of the human race for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, and, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.
24) Homeland. Small Motherland.
Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world around us begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin’s most cherished memories are associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, a raspberry field, a birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of an oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet encountered in his childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of homeland”:
Woven over the lake
Scarlet light of dawn...
25) Historical memory.
1. A. Tvardovsky wrote:
The war has passed, the suffering has passed,
But pain calls to people.
Come on people, never
Let's not forget about this.
2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people’s feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of what we experienced does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must maintain peace so that descendants live happily on earth:
I bequeath in that life
You should be happy
Thanks to them, the war heroes, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for our homeland.
26)Theme of beauty.
Sergei Yesenin glorifies everything beautiful in his lyrics. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the homeland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth is and the people on it!”
People will never be able to overcome the feeling of beauty, because the world will not change endlessly, but what pleases the eye and excites the soul will always remain. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music, born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, idolize, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.
27) Philistinism.
1.B satirical comedies“The Bedbug” and “Bathhouse” V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. There is no place in the future for the main character of the play “The Bedbug”. Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus and reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.
2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of the passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, physical and spiritual “detachment.” The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of the loan notes he had with him With such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, it extinguishes the feelings of love and kindness in him.
28) Great people. Talent.
1. Omar Khayyam - great, brilliant educated person, who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubai is the story of the ascent of the poet’s soul to the high truth of existence. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, truly great person. He died, and in the “firmament” of the human spirit his star has been shining for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not dim, but on the contrary, becomes brighter:
Be I the Creator, the Ruler of the heights,
It would incinerate the old firmament.
And I would pull on a new one, under which
Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry around.
2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War and was awarded for heroism shown in battle. For disapproving statements about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in forced labor camps. In 1967, he sent to the USSR Writers' Congress open letter calling for an end to censorship. His, famous writer, were persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded Nobel Prize in the field of literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be moral sermons. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, an ideologist, public figure who served the country honestly and selflessly. His best works- this is “The Gulag Archipelago”, “Matryonin Dvor”, “Cancer Ward”...
29) The problem of material support. Wealth.
Unfortunately, money and the passion for hoarding have recently become the universal measure of all the values of many people. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it may sound.
For people like Chichikov in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult to first “curry favor”, flatter, give bribes, be “pushed around”, so that later they themselves could “push around” and take bribes, and live luxuriously .
30)Freedom-Unfreedom.
I read E. Zamyatin’s novel “We” in one breath. Here we can see the idea of what can happen to a person and society when, submitting to an abstract idea, they voluntarily give up freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one’s own “I”.
31) Time problem.
For a long time creative life L.N. Tolstoy was constantly short of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and... created. He tried to get ahead of his time, warning humanity against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy’s work is still in demand all over the world: “Anna Karenina”, “War and Peace”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”...
32) Theme of morality.
It seems to me that my soul is a flower that guides me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of man is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:
And God is silent
For a grave sin
Because they doubted God,
He punished everyone with love
So that in pain we learn to believe.
33) Space theme.
Hypostasis of T.I.’s poetry Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality reaching out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the century of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of space. He instills in us a feeling of the boundlessness of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this “cosmic feeling” like no other.
34) The theme of the capital is Moscow.
In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem “Over the blue of the groves near Moscow .....” the ringing of Moscow bells sheds a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother’s milk, and passed on to her own children:
And you don’t know what will dawn in the Kremlin
It’s easier to breathe than anywhere on earth!
35) Love for the Motherland.
In S. Yesenin’s poems we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin has no doubt about the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will awaken dormant Rus'. Therefore, he created such works as “Transfiguration”, “O Rus', Flap Your Wings”:
O Rus', flap your wings,
Put up another support!
With other names
A different steppe is emerging.
36)Theme of war memory.
1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into a bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror, senselessness, and bitterness were clearly demonstrated by Leo Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace.” The writer’s favorite heroes realize the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast to him, the image of Kutuzov is shown, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for the sake of glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.
2. 68 years old Great victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic; it draws the attention of my generation to the distant years at the front, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - hero, liberator, humanist. When the guns thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred of the enemy. And this contrast carried within itself the highest justice and humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature includes such works created during the war years as “Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hate” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unconquered” by B. Gorbaty...
It seems that the concepts of good manners, decency, spiritual nobility - everything that we are accustomed to associate with the words “intellectual” and “intelligence” - are being blurred before our eyes. One brave critic once admitted in print: before reading any work on the Internet or on a floppy disk, he checks with the help of a computer whether it contains profanity. If not, you will never read it: pink water!
Composition
Any concept and term “fades” over time and inevitably changes, and, if it does not disappear completely, then in any case loses the originally established moral and ideological components. Unfortunately, it is impossible to avoid this, but some key and fundamental concepts become especially alarming. In his text, I. Fonyakov raises the current problem of intelligence.
Many publicists, philologists and scientists discussed and argued on this topic. I. Fonyakov draws our attention to the fact that the concepts that make up the term “intelligentsia” itself, such as “good manners”, “decency”, “spiritual nobility”, are being eroded and losing their significance, and at the same time losing their meaning and the meaning and the word “intellectual” itself. The writer gives the example of a typical representative of the modern “ creative intelligentsia", who seriously considered works that do not use obscene vocabulary to be "pink water", thereby expressing his confident approval of the abundance of obscenities and other words in Russian literature that yesterday were still considered unacceptable and forbidden. In contrast to this “intellectual,” I. Fonyakov also cites as examples such great personalities as the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Host,” Metropolitan Hilarion, Nestor and other monastic chroniclers, whose contribution to history is, of course, irreplaceable, and focuses on the fact that these individuals, and those who are, based on the term, “representatives of a social stratum that arose in certain circumstances,” are also considered to be “Russian intelligentsia,” which is fundamentally wrong.
An intellectual is a person who has mental integrity and intellectual freedom. The author believes that the intelligentsia is not only a social stratum that arose in the 15th century - 16th centuries. These are, first of all, educated and thinking people, guided by moral categories and unconditional intellectual freedom, and the main driver in this case should be conscience and a sense of responsibility for the future generation. Intellectuals are independent individuals, driven only by their own convictions and capable of making a worthy contribution to the history of their fatherland, and those who are able to sacrifice cultural values in the pursuit of profit, fashion, dubious innovation or any of their own prejudices are called intellectuals in the full meaning of this words are wrong and stupid.
I agree with I. Fonyakov’s point of view and also believe that the intelligentsia is not just a social stratum or a crowd of people who consider themselves “knowledgeable” and “educated”. Intellectuals in the full meaning of the word are individuals free from everything that contradicts their beliefs, but at the same time, their goal can only be contribution to the future of their country and its comprehensive development, and the guidelines of true “Russian intellectuals” can only be conscience and morality.
In the novel B.L. Pasternak's "Doctor Zhivago" describes the difficult fate of a true intellectual faced with such an inhuman and inhumane element as war. Main character desperately tried to prove himself both as a doctor and as a poet, however, when faced with the real world, he realized that it was more profitable to “be like everyone else” and be content with philistine values and joys. Throughout the entire work, Yuri Zhivago faces moral and moral contradictions - the real world, full of murders, hypocrisy, lies and vices, turned out to be so alien to him, but the hero himself, being a morally pure, thinking person, a real Russian intellectual, was never able to immerse himself in this atmosphere and take on the habits and properties of everything that surrounded him, and he could only be content with his own creativity and deep loneliness, concealing in the depths of his soul the hope for a happy future.
A similar problem was raised in his comedy “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov. The main character, Chatsky, being a representative of the new generation of intellectuals, faced rejection and misunderstanding on the part of conservatives led by Famusov. The main character, driven by revolutionary aspirations and the desire to raise his country “from its knees,” wanted to convey his ideas to large quantity people and began with the society in which he had to be for a long time - however, there he was considered crazy. Famus Society was afraid of free thought and change - its representatives did not care about the state of the country and its further development, they were all worried only about their own well-being, and therefore Chatsky’s attempts to get to their conscience and morality initially could not be crowned with success. The townsfolk won in numbers, and Chatsky could only disappear as quickly as possible, waiting for like-minded people.
In conclusion, I would like to note once again that the problem of the Russian intelligentsia lies primarily in the “smearing” of key concepts and the incorrect interpretation of the term. From century to century, different political and cultural figures express different attitudes towards this “social stratum”, but no one’s opinion should or can in any way influence the interpretation of the term “intellectual”.
