Basic research. Fundamental research Articles on FC and sports

About the benefits of physical education and sports.

Performing physical exercise causes a flow of nerve impulses from working muscles and joints and leads to central nervous system into an active, active state. Accordingly, the work of internal organs is activated, which provides a person with high performance and gives him a noticeable surge of vigor.

Many exercises contribute to the prevention and treatment of chronic disorders of the internal organs and musculoskeletal system.

The main qualities that characterize a person’s physical development are strength, speed, agility, flexibility and endurance. Improving each of these qualities helps improve health, but it is far from
not to the same extent. Weightlifting exercises make you strong, sprinting helps you become fast, and gymnastics and acrobatic exercises help you develop agility and flexibility.

Scientists have come to the conclusion that for effective recovery and prevention of respiratory diseases, it is necessary to train and improve, first of all, the most valuable physical quality in health terms - endurance, which, in combination with hardening and other components healthy image life will provide a reliable shield against many diseases.

You can achieve a high level of endurance using cyclic exercises, i.e. sufficiently long, uniform, repeated loads. Cyclic exercises include running, Nordic walking, swimming, skiing, cycling, and also, with certain reservations, sports such as basketball, tennis, handball, football, etc.

Scientific research and practice in many countries around the world have convincingly proven the superior health-improving effect of Nordic walking on the health of people of all ages. It has been proven that movement improves blood flow in all internal organs, including the brain, which is especially valuable as it provides an energy base for improving brain regulation and mental activity.

After systematic exercise, noticeable positive changes are observed in the state of the nervous system. Vision and hearing improve, a positive emotional state predominates, lung capacity increases, mental capabilities increase significantly, and the information received is better remembered. Headaches practically disappear, sleep improves, and mental and physical performance increases. All this is due to an increase in the brain tissue of special substances - neuropeptides, which form the biochemical basis of mental activity.

The body's response to increased oxygen demand is called the training effect or positive physical changes. Here are some such shifts:
the total blood volume increases so much that the ability to transport oxygen improves, and therefore the person shows greater endurance during strenuous physical activity;
lung volume increases;
the heart muscle is strengthened and better supplied with blood;
the content of high-density lipoproteins increases, the ratio of total cholesterol decreases, which reduces the risk of developing atherosclerosis;
the skeletal system is strengthened;
Aerobics helps cope with physical and emotional stress;
efficiency increases;
Aerobics is a real way to lose weight or maintain normal weight.
Choice individual program physical activity necessary to make exercise enjoyable, to make your heart healthy and your body strong. Exercise improves your mood, increases muscle tone, maintains spinal flexibility, and helps prevent disease.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Methodological development of extracurricular activities in physical culture and sports. Methodological development of extracurricular activities in physical culture and sports.

Abstract to educational and methodological developments extracurricular activities in physical education using non-standard equipment. 1....

The need for a comprehensive solution to the problems of physical education of children is the main goal of national health programs until 2020. Since the beginning of 2000, a trend has emerged in the world...

Currently, the educational and pedagogical process requires students to have higher educational institutions significant expenditure of effort to overcome physical and mental stress. In this regard, an important place is given to independent exercise, which is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle.

Independent physical exercises make up for the lack of physical activity of students, contribute to more effective recovery of the body and increase physical and mental performance.

Students engaged in independent studies must rely on scientific and methodological assistance from the Department of Physical Education and Sports. Planning of such independent studies is carried out by them with the direct participation of teachers in physical education and medical and biological areas. Depending on their state of health and level of physical fitness, students can plan to achieve results over the years of study at the university. The goal of such classes, especially for students assigned to a special medical group, is to eliminate residual effects after illnesses, eliminate functional disorders and deficiencies in physical development, and improve the level of health and physical qualities.

Students planning independent studies and selecting physical exercises are aimed at achieving a single goal - preserving their health, maintaining the level of physical and mental performance.

An important point in nurturing a healthy lifestyle of a student is to involve him in active activities physical culture. This means that, along with classes conducted according to the curriculum four hours a week (1st and 2nd year) and two hours a week (3rd and 4th year), further development and improvement of organizational forms of health-improving physical culture outside the educational and pedagogical process. After all, it is precisely these forms of training that are designed to additionally solve the problem of increasing physical activity students.

Of course, involving students in independent studies outside the framework of the program is an increase in their educational level in matters of health-improving physical culture. The need for movement is the basis of physiological, socio-economic and cultural values.

The implementation of these needs will ensure the normal growth and vital activity of the student’s body and will contribute to his involvement in systematic physical education, both within the educational process and outside it.

Physical culture in a broad sense is a part of universal human culture, aimed at the comprehensive strengthening of human life through the use of a wide range of means: hygiene measures, natural factors, various forms of physical exercise and sports. In his life incarnation it is a type of social activity aimed at improving a person’s health and developing his physical abilities. Physical culture is a type of social practice, which means that society recognizes such activity as useful and necessary for everyone and creates favorable conditions for its development.

In order to educate a socially active personality in a university environment through the means of physical culture and sports, it is advisable to solve, in the opinion of scientists and teachers, the following tasks:

Increasing students' cognitive interest in their future profession;

Activation of students during training sessions;

Development of students' organizational abilities;

Purposeful organization of active leisure for students.

To effectively implement these tasks in practice, it is desirable to use the existing experience of the Department of Physical Education and Sports, so everything must be done to:

A healthy lifestyle and sports lifestyle have become the norm for student youth;

Promote educational level students and awareness in the field of health technologies in physical education and sports;

Significantly improve the quality of the process of physical education and education in universities;

Provide students with equal opportunities for physical education and sports;

To select qualified, professionally trained teaching staff;

To interest students in systematic physical education and sports, to form a healthy lifestyle for them, and to fight bad habits.

Physical culture in a higher educational institution is an integral part of the formation of a comprehensively developed student personality. At the same time, it helps to optimize his physical and psychological state. As the researchers note, the university places increased demands on students. They are faced with new teaching methods that are different from school ones, which are large in volume and often difficult to understand. educational material. Their usual way of life changes, old interpersonal relationships are broken and new ones are formed. All of this together can have a negative impact on your health. In this regard, systematic physical education classes, but also outside of them, play a positive role.

An important component in the formation of a healthy lifestyle is the introduction of student youth to physical education and sports activities. The most accessible forms of exercise are independent exercises in various types of physical exercises and sports. However, as literary sources indicate, physical education and sports activities have not yet become an urgent need for students and have not turned into personal interest. However, most students do not deny its positive orientation and social significance. Increasing the physical activity of students is to involve them in mass physical and recreational activities. These include: competitions in various sports among students at the championship of the faculty, university; friendly competitions with other universities, participation in sports shows, etc.

It should be noted that physical education classes not only make it possible to realize the need to improve the biological way of life of the body through its physical development, but also contribute to satisfying the socially significant needs of the individual in communication, the desire for knowledge, self-realization and self-conviction. Conducting independent physical exercises is unthinkable without information about the physical development and functional state of the student’s body. This data will help him build an independent educational process, prevent the development of pathological processes and will contribute to the formation, strengthening and preservation of health.

The health and study of students are interconnected and mutually dependent. The better the health, the more productive the learning, otherwise the final goal is to adapt to the conditions of study at a higher educational institution, maintain and strengthen your health during study, a healthy lifestyle and regular optimal physical activity are necessary. In this regard, not the least role belongs to medical and pedagogical control and student self-control.

Of course, know the functional state of your body, your physical and psychological capabilities, be able to analyze and compare them, see the results of working on yourself, learn to imagine the level of your capabilities.

The purpose of education allows you to set independent work students are given adequate tasks, including:

Worldview orientation of the individual in understanding the meaning of life, one’s place in the world, one’s unique value;

Providing assistance in building personal concepts that reflect the prospects and limits of development of both physical and spiritual inclinations and abilities, creative potential, as well as

in awareness of responsibility for life creativity.

Considering the high incidence of illness among students, in modern socio-economic conditions, teaching them the skills and abilities to conduct independent classes to improve health using accessible means of physical education becomes important. The use of natural factors is no less important in such an event.

The inclusion of independent physical exercises in the physical education curriculum will increase the physical activity of students, improve their physical development, the functional state of the body, normalize metabolic processes, and also improve their emotional and mental status. All this will help students engage in self-education in terms of a healthy lifestyle and sports lifestyle.

Independent classes, conducted outside the educational process, allow students to maintain and strengthen their health through physical education based on natural factors. Of course, a significant place in this process is occupied by the interrelation of social and biological, pedagogical and medical patterns.

Due to the lack of a system of health-improving self-education and self-education for students outside the curriculum, we studied the problem at the Department of Physical Education and Sports.

Research and observations of students have shown that:

Currently, the problem of independent exercise requires careful study and development;

The lack of a program for the formation, strengthening and preservation of health necessitates its inclusion in the educational process of the departments of physical education and sports of non-physical education universities;

Implementation of these installations in new modern conditions acquires special importance in solving many problems of a healthy lifestyle and lifestyle of students;

Optimizing students' independent physical exercise requires an integrated approach and conducting a pedagogical experiment.

Thus, the implementation of the proposed recommendations will help strengthen and preserve the health of students. However, in order to develop and improve a health culture, students need to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities to form sustainable motivation for health, a healthy lifestyle and a sports lifestyle. Nevertheless, this problem requires the implementation of individual and collective programs for the improvement of students’ health, taking into account their psychophysical development and individual capabilities, as well as the development of organizational and pedagogical recommendations for optimization educational process on a valeological and recreational basis.

1

Physical culture is an organic part of universal human culture, its special independent area. It actively influences the vital aspects of the human body, received in the form of inclinations that develop during life under the influence of the environment. At its core, physical culture has expedient motor activity in the form of physical exercises that allow one to effectively develop the necessary physical abilities and optimize health. Health is an invaluable asset not only for every person, but also for the entire society. Good health, wisely maintained and strengthened by the person himself, provides him with a long and active life. In social life in the system of education, upbringing and recreation, physical culture manifests its health-improving, general cultural significance. Physical development is closely related to strengthening and maintaining human health. By actively using a variety of physical exercises, a person improves his physical state. The result of activities in physical culture is physical fitness and the degree of perfection of motor skills.

Physical culture should be considered as a special type of activity, the results of which are useful for society and individuals. Physical education and sports activities, which involve first-year students, are one of the effective mechanisms for merging public and personal interests. She is one of effective means increasing students' performance in the educational process and their social activity. Introducing students to physical education and sports begins taking into account the characteristics of their professional applied physical training.

Currently, professional-applied physical training is included in students’ physical education programs and is aimed at training young specialists. Numerous scientific studies have found that high level professional training requires significant physical preparation.

Physical education is an integral part of the educational process. When developing standards for physical culture and sports, first of all, the goal should be to improve health, and then achieve sports results.

One of the main criteria for assessing physical education at a university is the dynamics of the level of physical fitness of students, which can be monitored through the adoption of the same control standards.

Today, the connection between physical culture and health, working capacity and labor productivity is felt especially clearly.

We can say that new production requires a new physical world of man. Just as education today is becoming a constant factor in the life of a member of society, so physical education is becoming an integral attribute of life.

The main feature of physical education teachers is the specificity of their work. The object of the teacher’s activity is the student’s personality. Pedagogical activity the teacher consists of certain elements that together form a unique psychological structure.

At our university, every student must systematically attend classes on the days and times prescribed by the academic schedule.

To more actively attract students, our University operates Gym, including 14 different exercise machines, barbells, weights, there is a good material base: sports equipment (balls, dumbbells, jump ropes, mats), and also such sections as volleyball, basketball, football. Active participation in mass recreational physical education and sports events is also an integral part of the educational process at the interuniversity level. The strongest student-athletes participate in interuniversity competitions. The purpose of such competitions is to establish personal contacts between future colleagues and achieve the best sports results between universities in the city and region. This determines the level of sports preparedness of students at each branch university. For the sixth year, our students have taken first place in the sports competitions of our city’s universities. The annual sports competition consists of 7-10 sports competitions. In 2005-2006, the Spartakiad consisted of competitions:

• basketball team for boys and girls
• volleyball team of boys and girls
• table tennis team
• youth mini football team
• student athletics team

To be successful, every teacher must:

• know the material of the taught discipline to the extent of the program requirements
• master the methodology for preparing and conducting practical classes
• clearly, clearly and competently express thoughts
• conduct consultations within the course of practical training

The integrated use of all forms of physical education should ensure the inclusion of physical education in the lifestyle of students.

Today the slogan “Physical education is the key to health” is no longer relevant enough. Physical education and sports should be the key to social and creative longevity. Systematically applied physical education and sports

• this is youth that does not depend on passport age
• this is longevity, which is accompanied by creative work enthusiasm
• this is health
• and finally it is the greatest source of beauty.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Kosmolinsky F.P. “Physical culture and performance” - M. 1983
2. http://www.sportedu.by/Frames/Text/Student/Ku-rator/rol.htm.
3. http://useinfonarod.ru//txt fizra.htm.
4. “Professional applied physical training” V.I. Ilyinich. Ed. Moscow - Higher school 1978
5. “Physical education of students” S.P. Polievsky Publishing house. Moscow - Medicine -1989
6. http://www.fly-life.ru/
7. "Physical training and labor." A.V. Zherebtsov, M-1986
8. “Physical culture of a student”: Textbook/Ed. IN AND. Ilyinich, M-2004
9. “Physical culture in human life” Leningrad - Knowledge - 1986. S. M. Oplavin, Yu. T. Chikhaev
10. “Activation of the educational process of students by means of physical education.” G. D. Ivanov. Ed. Alma-Ata-Mektel 1989
11. http://ggmi.narod.ru/fizra 2.zip.

The work was presented at the scientific conference with international participation “Information technologies for universities and higher educational institutions”, August 20-27, 2006, Malta (Aura). Received by the editor on September 18, 2006.

Bibliographic link

Lukyanov S.I. THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE LIFE OF STUDENTS // Fundamental Research. – 2006. – No. 11. – P. 92-93;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=6560 (access date: 01/08/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

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Abstract on the discipline:

"Athletic facilities"

On this topic:

« Physical education and sports facilities»

Introduction

Sports facilities, along with theaters, are the oldest public buildings. Experts attribute the ancient Greek sports facilities that have survived to this day to the 8th century. BC.

Sports buildings and structures are divided intomain, auxiliary and premises and structures for spectators. The main ones are main part sports facilities and can be:

- educational training (for education and training);
- demonstration(for competitions in the presence of spectators);
- For general physical preparation and active recreation.

The main buildings and structures are also divided into:
- covered (gyms, indoor swimming pools, arenas, indoor tennis courts, indoor stadiums, sports palaces, etc.), in which classes are held indoors;

- open or planar (all kinds of flat areas, fields, cross-country athletics and speed skating tracks for training sessions and competitions), in which the main classes are held outdoors.

Thus, we can conclude that auxiliary premises and structures are intended to serve athletes and ensure the operation of sports facilities.

In modern urbanized society, the role of physical culture and sports is unique as a compensator for the decrease in physical activity, as an activity that offers a system of values ​​that are truly useful for every person, making it possible to change the depressingly monotonous lifestyle of a modern person.

In developed countries, like vital role physical culture is currently highly valued by both governments and society itself. Large-scale programs have been developed to stimulate the development of physical culture, sports and a healthy lifestyle. Programs are also being implemented to create physical education and sports facilities for these activities.

Also, the network of physical education and sports facilities is considered the most complex, extensive and diverse among all other public service systems. It is an integral part of all structural elements of populated areas, from the very initial stages (the simplest local areas, rooms for recreational activities built into the first floors of residential buildings) to the largest city-wide and suburban buildings, Olympic complexes.

The network includes facilities for more than 160 sports and leisure activities, ranging widely from one another, such as a stadium with tens of thousands of spectators and a chess pavilion, backyard hockey rinks and a cycling track, a school gym and a ski jump. Physical education and sports facilities are used by all age and social groups of the population, from children to retirement age, from absolutely healthy athletes to the disabled, from residents of rural areas to the population of the largest cities.

Physical education and sports facilities have different forms of ownership: they can be state-owned, including unitary enterprises, joint-stock companies, private, etc.

The network of physical culture and sports facilities is the most extensive in terms of territory: the largest sports complexes have areas exceeding 100 hectares. In addition, it is closely related to settlement and transport services.

Thus, physical education and sports facilities are a constantly changing system, inextricably linked with the development of society (as a whole). Social changes taking place in society have given rise to new types and forms of physical education, health and leisure activities. There has been a clear integration of cultural and sports activities with an increase in the share of active leisure. Various groups of the population are involved in classes, various forms of family leisure are developing, the importance of information classes and communication, and public events is increasing. In parallel with this, elite sports are also developing, putting forward ever new levels of requirements for physical education and sports facilities.

In accordance with these changes, new ones also arise typological features physical education and sports facilities:

the sports and technological parameters of training venues are changing;

the share of universal, multifunctional premises and structures that provide the possibility of transformation is increasing
premises;

the composition of the facilities is expanding due to premises for physical education, recreation, entertainment and club activities;

the interconnections between indoor and outdoor structures are strengthened when
their widespread use for new non-traditional types of active leisure;

accessibility of physical education and sports facilities for people with disabilities is ensured; the facilities include specialized halls and premises for their activities;

specialized sports centers: alpine skiing, sailing, equestrian sports, etc.;

the comfort of buildings, their interiors and exterior increases
environment; More and more attention is being paid to the attractiveness of the architectural appearance of physical education and sports facilities, which contributes to

improving the quality of the environment in general;

there is a widespread increase in the construction of indoor structures
instead of outdoor swimming pools, stadiums, and skating tracks.

Along with the emergence of many different forms and types of physical education and sports activities that are in demand among the population (aerobics, bowling, squash, rock climbing, etc.), as well as with a number of successes in Russian elite sports, the actual coverage of physical education and recreational activities of the population (volume of physical education and sports services) in the last decade not only did not increase, but even decreased. The growth rate of the provision of physical culture and sports facilities is significantly lower than necessary. The total number of structures does not reach 30% of the standard; they are placed without taking into account the requirements of equal provision of employment for the population, regardless of place of residence and work, they are used irrationally, their composition, typology and quality do not meet modern requirements.

The variety of sports and physical education activities corresponds to objects and structures of various types, which make up a very developed network of physical education and sports facilities.

The prototypes of modern physical culture and sports facilities were: in ancient times, cromlechs (which we presented in Appendix 1) - platforms surrounded by stone pillars; in ancient Europe - palaestras and gymnasiums, stadiums, stadiums, hippodromes, circuses. The idea of ​​combining a stadium and a circus was embodied in the majestic ancient Roman amphitheaters (the Colosseum in Rome, etc.); baths with heated water, which already existed in the ancient Greek palaestra, were developed in the ancient Roman baths.

Monumental equestrian yards were built in the palaces of the ancient rulers of Asia, and during excavations in Central and North America, ball courts were discovered (for example, in the settlements of the Aztecs and Mayans). In the Middle Ages, grounds were mainly built for military sports competitions.

Educational and training, The zone consists of sports grounds and facilities for everyday activities, with a designated area for activities with children. The demonstration area, in addition to arenas and stands, includes part of the area for visitors to relax, buffets, kiosks, etc. The size of the demonstration area is directly dependent on the capacity of the stands. The service area unites the stadium's economic and operational services, workshops, warehouses, greenhouses, etc.

INXIXcentury began, intense, construction, sports, structures, especially since 1896, when the modern Olympics began to be held. In Russia, the beginning of the physical education (gymnastics) sports movement can be dated back to 1861, when the first tennis club “Neva” and speed skating club opened in St. Petersburg, which built the first tennis court and skating rink.

In April 1918, the Supreme Council of Physical Culture under the Main Directorate of Vsevobuch began re-equipment, old, buildings, for military sports clubs and construction, sports grounds, and already from 1923-1925. widespread construction of physical education and sports facilities has begun throughout the country. Currently in Russia there are 2,120 stadiums, 53.5 thousand gyms, 2,595 swimming pools, including 2,332 indoor ones, about 90 thousand flat sports grounds, 3,269 ski resorts, etc.

Thus, physical education and sports, structures, are subdivided, to the main intended, directly for sports and physical education and recreational activities, auxiliary ones intended for those involved in training, storage of equipment, etc., and for spectators - including stands and related structures.

Basic, structures, differ, a wide variety of shapes and sizes, which is primarily associated with specific types of physical education and sports activities. The structural and space-planning solutions of structures are significantly influenced by economic and natural factors. All structures are divided into two groups: open (in the air) and indoor structures (rooms). Outdoor structures are seasonal: summer and winter.

Summer sports include athletics and football; fields and grounds for outdoor and sports games (basketball, volleyball, tennis, football, etc. (which is presented to you in Appendix 2), special and general physical training (GPP), certain types of athletics (jumping, throwing, shot put), equestrian sports, roller skating, skateboarding; tracks and trails for running, walking, horse riding, cycling, athletics and cyclocross; equipped routes for hiking, horseback riding, cycling and water tourism; artificial trails for skiing, ski jumping. on skis with artificial turf; cycling tracks:

Shooting ranges and shooting ranges for bullet shooting and shooting and hunting stands;

Equipped areas of existing reservoirs for sports and recreational swimming and bathing, various types of rowing, sailing, water slalom, water skiing, etc.;

Open baths with or without heated water for sports and recreational swimming and bathing, water polo, diving, etc.; artificial channels for rowing and water slalom, etc.

Winter open facilities include fields and areas with natural or artificial ice for mass and figure skating, bandy, curling, etc.; tracks with natural or artificial ice for speed skating; tracks for skiing, alpine skiing, luge, biathlon, etc.; ski jumps; artificial tracks for luge and bobsleigh, which we present in Appendix 3; equipped areas of water areas for ice boating; equipped routes for ski tourism, etc.

A significant portion of open structures alternately used for various types of activities depending on the season, which requires changing the coverings of buildings and their equipment. Sports facilities for athletics and football in winter season converted into paths with natural ice for speed running and ice hockey fields; fields and grounds for outdoor and sports games - in fields and grounds: natural ice for mass and figure skating, ice hockey, curling, etc.; paths and tracks for running, walking, cycling, athletics and cyclo-cross, as well as artificial tracks for skiing - into tracks for skiing and biathlon; equipped routes for hiking, horseback riding, cycling and water tourism - into equipped routes for ski tourism;

Indoor facilities: halls for sports games, which is presented in Appendix 4, acrobatics, sports, rhythmic and rhythmic gymnastics, choreography, general physical training, athletics and weightlifting, boxing, wrestling, various types of exercise equipment; baths with heated water for sports and recreational swimming and bathing, water polo, diving, as well as baths for rowing; areas, fields and tracks with artificial ice for mass skating, hockey, bandy, speed skating (Fig. 1, 1.6.), curling; cycling tracks; shooting ranges for bullet shooting; riding arenas, etc.

Thus, we can conclude that, along with two traditional groups of structures, one of which operates mainly in summer (open), and the other mainly in winter (indoor), year-round structures with transformable fencing structures (coverings, walls) are promising. These are basically the most technically complex and expensive structures. However, with the improvement and reduction in cost of transformable structures, this group will expand.

Based on volume-spatial organization, main structures can be divided into planar and volumetric. In addition to all, the group of volumetric ones also includes some open structures: open baths with or without heated water; artificial channels for rowing and water slalom (Fig. 1.1.7.); artificial slopes for alpine skiing; shooting ranges, shooting ranges and shooting and hunting stands; ski jumps; artificial luge tracks

Based on their prevalence, the main structures are divided into two groups: those independent of local conditions, ubiquitous (gyms, swimming pools, fields and playgrounds) and structures, the presence of which depends on local conditions - natural, economic, sports traditions (structures for water, mountain sports, winter sports, equestrian sports, cycling tracks, etc., as well as large demonstration structures, which can be seen in Appendix 5.

Based on the nature of their use, the main structures are divided into specialized ones, i.e. intended exclusively for one or several related sports (Fig. 1.1.8.), and universal - alternately used in the daily and weekly cycle by transforming equipment for practicing several sports. The terms “specialized” and “universal” are arbitrary and each time need to be deciphered. The higher the sports qualifications of those involved, the higher the degree of specialization and quality of the facility.

By type of use, the main structures can be divided into training and demonstration - sports, intended primarily for competitions (which is shown in Appendix 5)

The composition of the main structures is diverse and very flexible. New sports or modifications of existing ones appear, and with them new facilities. The birth of new types of physical education and sports facilities also occurs under the influence of technological progress, which has brought to life, for example, bowling alleys, bathtubs with a lifting bottom, artificial waves, waterfalls, currents, and, for example, in connection with the adaptation of closed industrial and agricultural buildings and facilities, for example, for environmental reasons (which is presented in Appendix 6, under the letters: a, b). Under the influence of growing requirements, the dimensions and equipment of facilities are changing, an increasing number of sports are going “under the roof”, and therefore new types of indoor main structures are emerging.

Auxiliary structures and premises are a functionally necessary part of physical education and sports facilities, accompanying each or a group of main facilities. The exception is the simplest open structures in residential buildings, children's institutions and recreational facilities. Auxiliary structures often form large volumes, for example the building of the Olympic Sailing Center in Tallinn (Fig. 1.1.10.), or very developed complexes of buildings of alpine skiing centers are formed mainly by non-sports facilities.

According to their functional purpose, auxiliary structures are divided into two groups: a group serving students and spectators, specialistssized maintenance for those involved, storage and repair of physical educationtour sports equipment and inventory; administrative and economicpurpose, residential premises.

The service group for both practitioners and spectators includes a vestibule block with a wardrobe for outerwear and bathrooms; recreation areas (foyer, lobbies, winter gardens), catering establishments (buffets, cafes, restaurants), retail outlets (machine machines, stalls, shops), cultural and entertainment institutions (rooms for slot machines, other games, cinemas, video rooms, billiards, bowling alleys), consumer services (hairdressers, cosmetic offices), club rooms and for children who came with their parents. At training facilities, the service group or part of it is made common to the trainees and spectators, but at demonstration facilities they are, as a rule, separate.

A group of specialized services only for those training, includes a block of dressing rooms with showers and toilets, a medical block, a block of rehabilitation procedures (massage, solariums, electrotherapy and phototherapy, water treatments, saunas, steam baths), training rooms, consultation centers, methodological rooms, conference rooms , rental points for physical education and sports equipment. Facilities for the movement of those involved to the main structures include pedestrian, automobile, cable cars, and elevators.

Housing, depending on the purpose of the main physical education and sports facility, may be present among the auxiliary structures and be represented by various types of premises: from tents to individual apartments, hotel rooms and individual buildings.

The group of storage and repair of physical education and sports equipment and inventory includes storage areas for small equipment (storage rooms), storage areas for large-sized equipment and inventory (inventory, warehouses, ski and bike storage, stables, boathouses, open storage areas, harbors and ports), places repair of equipment and inventory (workshops, veterinary units), capital structures for moving large equipment and inventory (roads, slips, hoists, berths, rafts). The composition of this group is determined by the purpose and rank of the main structure.

The administrative and economic group includes administration premises; staff office and living quarters; storerooms and warehouses for household equipment and inventory; motorized equipment garages; workshops for repairing household equipment and inventory. The composition of such a structure is determined by the purpose and rank of the physical education and sports facility.

Facilities for spectators (Fig. 1.1.11.) are very important, since competitions are an integral element of sports. The main group of structures in this category are places for spectators, transformable and permanent. Transformable (retractable, collapsible, reclining, retractable), usually for a small number of spectators in main training facilities. However, they are also used for demonstration buildings. Here, the goal of the transformation is to create optimal capacity for various demonstration events in the arena. In this case, structures for thousands of spectators are formed. Stationary seats for spectators are created primarily in demonstration buildings, where stands can reach gigantic proportions.

The supporting structures of structures for spectators are made of various materials (wood, metal, reinforced concrete). In some cases, sites are built on the slopes of earthen embankments or excavations (the so-called earthen stands).

Demonstration main structures correspond to a certain number of places: more than 5 thousand - for sports halls for athletics and football, more than 800 - for open fields and playgrounds, more than 600 - for other open and indoor structures. The combination of demonstration main structures with stands for spectators is called stadiums - open, indoor, and recently transformable ones are also spreading. These include open stadiums for athletics, football, baseball, accommodating up to 100 thousand spectators and for hand games, hockey, as well as rowing, water-skiing, skiing stadiums, stadiums for equestrian sports (hippodromes), cycling velodromes), etc.

Indoor stadiums, as a rule, are intended for competitions in several sports (with a universal sports arena) and can have up to several tens of thousands of seats for spectators. They can also host public and entertainment events (meetings, conferences, concerts, cinema, revues), festivals, etc. Equipped for different types of use, such structures are called universal sports and entertainment halls (USZZ) or Sports Palaces with small, medium and large sports arenas.

The name of a physical education and sports facility is usually taken from the name of its main structure. But sometimes special terms are used: for an athletics hall - “athletics arena”; for tennis - “tennis court”; football - “football arena”; open or indoor baths - “outdoor or indoor pool”; ice platforms - “skating rink”; auxiliary premises for sailing and iceboat sports - “yacht club”, etc.

Physical education and sports facilities form a developed system, growing and branching as new types of main and auxiliary structures, structures for spectators, their structures, engineering and sports-technological equipment appear and are modified.

Bibliography

1 . Gagina Yu.A. Sports facilities - M., 1999

2. Verkhalo, Yu.N. Table of equipment for public sports facilities sports equipment and inventory: textbook. allowance / Yu.N. Verkhalo. - M.: Soviet sport, 2004

3.Butin I.M. " skiing", Moscow "ACADEMA", 2000

Annex 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

Appendix 6