Air as a factor in the transmission of human infectious diseases. Respiratory diseases and their prevention

Topic: Prevention of airborne diseases

Goal: to find out the physiological basis of the concept of preventing the most important airborne diseases

• Introduce students to the prevention of diseases such as influenza, sore throat, diphtheria, tuberculosis
• Repeat and summarize all the material on the topic.
• Continue to develop a value-based attitude towards your health

Equipment: presentation, ICT

Lesson type: combined

During the classes:

I. Stage “Org.moment”

II. Stage “Learning new material”. Reception "Conversation"

III. Stage “Generalization and repetition”. IV.Stage “Homework”

V. Stage “Reflection”

Artificial respiration. - Demonstration of artificial respiration techniques. - Cooling is a common cause of decreased body resistance. - Story - Flu and its prevention. - Sore throat, diphtheria. - Tuberculosis, prevention and control of this disease.

The harm of smoking. - A story with elements of conversation.

II. Stage “Learning new material”

Artificial respiration.

Artificial respiration techniques.

I invite one student.

• Inhale and exhale into the test tube.
• If you could count the number of germs in the air you exhaled, how many germs would there be?

Let everyone express their guess.

Airborne diseases

At the end of this small discussion, I would like to clarify that in the air of a classroom inhaled under these conditions there are approximately 30 thousand microbes per cubic meter. meter of air, and in exhaled air - several tens of thousands,

And now the questions:

How to explain that people get diseases that are caused by microbes?

What diseases do you know that arise from the penetration of microbes through the respiratory tract?

During cooling, the body's resistance decreases, for example: the permeability of blood vessels increases, which makes microbes more likely to penetrate into the blood, and phagocytic activity decreases. When the body's resistance is reduced, the microbes that enter it begin to exert their toxic effects.

Influenza viruses

Prevention of sore throat

Diphtheria

Qatar of the upper respiratory tract

Pulmonary tuberculosis

Koch stick

Statistics of tuberculosis in the world

Harm of smoking

Lungs' cancer

Various diseases of the lungs and bronchi

Chronic lung disease

What animals do you see in the picture?

III. Stage “Generalization and repetition”.

One of the main preventive measures to combat many diseases is dust control.

Name other hygiene rules related to breathing.

• We present to your attention hygiene rules related to breathing. You must justify these rules using knowledge of human anatomy and physiology.
• “For example, if I tell you that you need to breathe through your nose, then you must prove why” -

With this example we will begin the general work of the whole class.

You should not eat ice cream after hot food;

Boys in adolescence should not shout or sing loudly;

The premises must be cleaned using a wet method;

When communicating with people with the flu, you should wear a gauze bandage;

You need to be able to breathe deeply, with the correct ratio between the duration of inhalation and exhalation;

For the development of the respiratory system, it is useful to play sports; clean air - a good doctor;

• Good posture is important for respiratory function.

IV. Stage "Homework"

Write down rules for preventing airborne diseases in your notebook.

Naturalsmallpox. A severe, especially dangerous disease caused by a virus that dies when using conventional disinfectants. The source of infection is a sick person. Infection occurs through airborne droplets, and transmission through objects is possible. The incubation period is 10-15 days.

Symptoms: temperature suddenly rises to 40 0, chills, headache. For 3-4 days - a rash on the face, head, and then on the whole body. At the site of the rash there are pustules that leave scars. The duration of the illness is 6 weeks. Patients are hospitalized for a period of at least 40 days. Those in contact are vaccinated and isolated for the duration of the incubation period (15 days). The premises and things are being disinfected. A quarantine is established in the outbreak. According to WHO, by 1980 the incidence of smallpox in the world is considered eliminated.

Diphtheria. The causative agent is Loeffler's diphtheria bacillus, which is very resistant. The source of infection is a sick person or a carrier of the bacteria. The incubation period is 2-7 days. The infection is transmitted by airborne droplets. High temperature, sore throat when swallowing, grayish-white coating in the throat. A smear confirms the diagnosis. The patient is isolated for two weeks and is given anti-diphtheria serum. The fireplace is being disinfected. Contact people are examined for bacteria carriage. In order to prevent the disease, all children from 5 months to 11 years and adults are now given mass vaccinations with diphtheria toxoid.

Scarlet fever. The causative agent of the disease is hemolytic streptococcus. The source of infection is a sick person throughout the entire period of the disease. The incubation period is 2-4 days. High temperature, sore throat, sore throat, and a rash appears on the flexor surfaces of the limbs. After a week - peeling of the skin. The fireplace is disinfected. Contact children become disconnected.

Measles. It is caused by a filter virus, which is not very persistent in the external environment, and therefore, disinfection for measles is not necessary. The source of infection is a sick person. Transmitted by airborne droplets. The incubation period is 1-4 weeks.

Symptoms: runny nose, cough, sneezing, conjunctivitis, Filatov’s spots, and on the fourth day a rash characteristic of measles appears. For treatment and prevention, gamma globulin is administered.

Contact persons who have not had measles are isolated. For the purpose of prevention - anti-measles vaccinations. Flu

– one of the most widespread infectious diseases. The virus is transmitted from a sick person by airborne droplets. The incubation period is 1-3 days. Headache, muscle pain, conjunctivitis, red throat, cough. In severe forms there are complications (pneumonia, otitis media, neuritis, etc.). The patient must be isolated. Wet cleaning of the room with bleach, chloramine, and ventilation is carried out. Preventive vaccinations are important. Tuberculosis -

an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The microbe is stable in the external environment.

The source of infection is a sick person. Transmission - airborne droplets, contact.

Most often, pulmonary tuberculosis develops, but other organs can also be affected: skin, bones, kidneys, nervous system. The disease often begins gradually and is accompanied by increased fatigue, decreased performance, low-grade fever, and cough. Patients are subject to isolation and hospitalization. The fireplace is disinfected. Contact persons are thoroughly examined x-ray and bacteriologically. Vaccinations are of great importance in the prevention of tuberculosis. Lesson Objective

: to find out the physiological basis of the practically important concept for maintaining health about the prevention of major airborne diseases; repeat and summarize all the material on the topic. Equipment

. Demonstration material: tables: “Brain”, “Ways of spread of infectious diseases”, “The number of microbes in the air of different places”, “Artificial respiration techniques”, “Changes in the composition of air in the classroom during the school day” (homemade); chest model; dummy of larynx, lung.

Conducting a lesson
The material from the last lesson is complex, so it is better to check your understanding of it through an individual survey.

Students talk about breathing movements and their regulation.

During the survey, it is good to ask some additional questions: give your examples of unconditioned and conditioned respiratory reflexes. Where does a person breathe less often, in the fresh air or in a stuffy room? How can this be explained and what does it mean? Why does it become difficult to breathe when you eat a lot? Is it better to take as much air into your lungs as possible before diving, or take a series of quick, deep breaths in and out?

In a number of schools, eighth-grade students train in artificial respiration techniques in a physical education lesson under the joint guidance of biology and physical education teachers. If this is not done at school, then this lesson requires a demonstration of artificial respiration techniques on a student (more convenient on a boy).

After students answer about breathing movements and their regulation, the teacher notes that in many accidents there is a need to perform artificial respiration.

One student portrays the victim, and the teacher demonstrates artificial respiration techniques on him. If the teacher does not consider it possible to demonstrate artificial respiration techniques on a student, but will limit himself to analyzing the corresponding table, then students should be warned to practice artificial respiration techniques at home.

To move on to explaining new material about disease prevention, the teacher calls on the student to talk about the experience with breathing valves. After he does this, the teacher, showing the test tube into which the student exhaled, asks: if it were possible to count the number of microbes in the air that you exhaled, how many microbes would there be?

Students make several guesses.

At the conclusion of this small discussion, the teacher clarifies that in the classroom air inhaled under these conditions there are approximately 30 thousand microbes per cubic meter. meter of air, and several tens of thousands in exhaled air, and asks the question: how to explain that people get sick from diseases that are caused by microbes? What diseases occur due to the penetration of microbes through the respiratory tract? Students name diseases, and the teacher additionally talks about flu, sore throat, and catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. Talks about the causes of diseases, the body's reactions, the dangers of diseases. During cooling, the body's resistance decreases, for example: the permeability of blood vessels increases, which makes microbes more likely to penetrate into the blood, and phagocytic activity decreases. When the body's resistance is reduced, the microbes that enter it begin to exert their toxic effects. For the occurrence of the disease, their relative virulence and quantity are important. The teacher talks about the symptoms of influenza, sore throat and upper respiratory tract catarrh, which is often incorrectly called the flu. Flu is especially dangerous because it is often accompanied by complications - pneumonia and heart disease.

Speaking about the success of treating diseases with antibiotics, the teacher warns about the dangers of taking antibiotics without a doctor’s instructions.

Regarding tuberculosis, the teacher reveals the conditions for the development of tuberculosis bacilli, detection of tuberculosis, measures to prevent tuberculosis, treatment of tuberculosis, successes in the fight against tuberculosis in the USSR.

One of the main preventive measures to combat many diseases is dust control. The teacher briefly points out the direct connection between the spread of infectious diseases and the amount of dust in the air, reveals the bactericidal value of phytoncides, and shows means of combating dust in production.

Speaking about the dangers of smoking, the teacher especially emphasizes the inadmissibility of early smoking, when the body is not yet strong enough to be poisoned by the toxic components of tobacco smoke.

Students are strongly impressed by statistical information about the high incidence of tuberculosis and asthma among smokers; especially lung cancer.

The last part of the lesson is structured somewhat unusually. The teacher names hygiene rules related to breathing. Students will need to justify these rules using knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. “For example, if I tell you that you need to breathe through your nose, then you must prove why,” says the teacher. The overall work of the class begins with this example. The teacher consistently brings to the attention of the class the following judgments: you cannot eat ice cream after a hot meal; boys in adolescence should not shout or sing loudly; The premises must be cleaned using a wet method; When communicating with people with the flu, you should wear a gauze bandage; you need to be able to breathe deeply, with the correct ratio between the duration of inhalation and exhalation; It is useful to play sports for the development of the respiratory system; clean air - a good doctor; Good posture is important for respiratory function.

This conversation covers all the basic issues of respiratory hygiene and briefly repeats material about the structure and functions of the respiratory organs.

At the end of the conversation, the teacher asks questions: why can a person die from carbon monoxide poisoning? What needs to be done to help or save a survivor?

If the lesson is based on the film “Respiratory Hygiene,” it can be demonstrated at the very beginning of the lesson. It provides all the necessary hygienic material, including information about the dangers of smoking and proper breathing. And then it is convenient to conduct the lesson as indicated above. Students will rely on the material from the film when answering in the conversation.

Homework assignment: textbook article “Airborne diseases. Artificial respiration”, compile rules for the prevention of airborne diseases in a notebook.

Infection through the air. Pathogenic microbes and dust can enter the body through the respiratory system along with the air. A significant number of such harmful particles adhere to the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and are removed from them by the ciliated epithelium, and most microorganisms are neutralized by mucus. But some microbes and dust particles still get into the respiratory tract, and sometimes into the lungs. Microorganisms and dust that enter the respiratory system can cause various diseases. Many of these diseases are infectious. These are influenza, tuberculosis, tonsillitis, diphtheria and some others. How to protect yourself and others from such diseases? To do this, you need to know what causes them and how these diseases are transmitted from sick people to healthy ones.

Contact persons who have not had measles are isolated. For the purpose of prevention - anti-measles vaccinations.. The causative agent of influenza is negligible. It is impossible to see it with a conventional microscope. Such tiny pathogens that do not even have a cellular structure are called viruses. Only under an electron microscope were these invisible creatures discovered.

How does flu infection occur?

The mucus that comes from the noses of sick people, as well as their sputum and saliva, contains a huge amount of viral particles. Air is expelled from the nostrils and mouth of such people with great force during sneezing and coughing. It contains millions of tiny, invisible droplets that harbor infection. They get into the air and when patients breathe. If these droplets enter the respiratory system of a healthy person, he can become infected with the flu. Droplets also settle on the things of patients. The infection can also be transmitted through them. Thus, influenza is a droplet infection.

Influenza epidemics spread very quickly, because its pathogens enter the air of residential, public and industrial premises. This is why people with influenza should not be allowed to work in factories, institutions, or attend classes in educational institutions.

Everyone can protect themselves and others from getting the flu. To do this, you need to follow several mandatory rules. Remember them. Do not share dishes, bedding, or towels with sick people. From these items, influenza pathogens can easily enter your nasal and oral cavities. When interacting with someone who has the flu, cover your mouth and nose with a gauze bandage; it allows air to pass through, but traps droplets containing pathogens.

When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nostrils with a handkerchief to prevent droplets from spreading through the air. This will protect you from infecting others.

Maintaining good personal hygiene helps combat the spread of influenza epidemics.

Tuberculosis. Most often, the causative agent of tuberculosis, the tuberculosis bacillus, affects the lungs. It can penetrate into them along with inhaled air in the form of droplets of sputum, as well as through dishes, clothes, towels and other objects used by the patient. After the droplets dry, tuberculosis bacilli, along with dust, settle on the floor and various objects in the room. Tuberculosis bacilli can get on dust particles, and with them into the human respiratory system. This means that this is not only a droplet infection, but also a dust infection.

In damp places not exposed to sunlight, tuberculosis pathogens can remain viable for a long time.

Tubercle bacilli that enter the human body do not necessarily cause disease. Many of them die. But some may remain viable. Colonies of microbes are covered on the outside with a calcareous shell and, without causing disease, remain alive in human lung tissue. Under unfavorable conditions, for example, malnutrition or hypothermia, the “lurking” pathogens of tuberculosis can become active and the person becomes ill. In severe cases, the destruction of lung tissue begins, which can lead to death.

In dry, well-lit places, tuberculosis bacilli quickly die. It has been found that sunlight has a particularly detrimental effect on tuberculosis pathogens.

The unsanitary conditions in which workers lived before the Great October Socialist Revolution and constant malnutrition were the main reasons for the massive spread of tuberculosis among workers.

Nowadays, when the Soviet people achieve new successes every year, the living conditions of the population are steadily improving. The increase in living standards in our country is the main reason for the sharp drop in the incidence of tuberculosis.

Medicine has also made great strides in the treatment of tuberculosis. In special tuberculosis clinics and sanatoriums, patients receive free treatment.

To protect yourself from tuberculosis, you need to know how to prevent it.

Dust control. In residential buildings, on city streets, and in public buildings, it is necessary to combat dust. This is of great importance for the prevention of tuberculosis and other diseases affecting the respiratory system.

The rules for controlling dust in residential buildings, institutions, and schools are very simple.

In living rooms, dust should be removed from all items daily using a damp cloth. Then the dust sticks to the rag and does not pollute the air. The same thing happens when you sweep the floors with a damp broom or floor brush. But the most hygienic way to clean is with a vacuum cleaner.

Dust control is also carried out on the streets of cities and towns. Cleaning streets with special machines, watering sidewalks and pavements, green spaces - all this significantly reduces dust in the air in populated areas.

It is very important to protect workers from dust that pollutes the air in the workshops of factories and plants, in mines. How do you deal with industrial dust? Various very fine powders, such as pulverized cement, are prepared in hermetically sealed chambers. When drilling wells, the rock is watered with a stream of water. If the air, despite all the measures taken, still contains a lot of dust, people work in protective masks. That is why in the USSR the number of diseases caused by industrial dust is steadily decreasing.

Effect of smoking on the respiratory system. Smoking causes great harm to the entire body, including the respiratory system. Nicotine, which is contained in tobacco smoke, is extremely poisonous. In addition, by irritating the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, acrid tobacco smoke causes inflammation. This reduces the protective functions of the epithelium lining the airways. It is not surprising that smokers often develop various respiratory diseases: bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma. It has been found that most people who get lung cancer are smokers.

If you follow all the hygienic rules for protecting your respiratory organs from the penetration of germs and dust, and do not smoke, this will protect you from many, often very dangerous, diseases.

Reanimation. Brain cells are especially sensitive to the lack of oxygen in the blood washing them. Therefore, even a short-term stop of cardiac activity or respiratory movements leads to irreversible changes in nerve cells within 3-4 minutes. After such time, a person’s vital functions can no longer be restored by any means.

However, during the first minutes after the onset of so-called clinical death, i.e., cessation of breathing and cardiac arrest, in some cases, using special techniques, it is still possible to restore the vital functions of the body - to revive it. This revival is called resuscitation.

In our country, the first successful results in resuscitation of people were obtained by doctors mainly in. period of the Great Patriotic War. An outstanding role in the development of the theory of resuscitation belongs to Academician V. A. Negovsky.

Clinical death can occur on the street or in other places where there are neither doctors nor appropriate equipment. Therefore, everyone should know and learn to apply the simplest resuscitation techniques that are available to anyone. These techniques have already saved the lives of many thousands of people.

When a person’s clinical death occurs, it is important first of all to restore his breathing. To do this, the person providing assistance must remove accumulated mucus and sometimes liquid from the victim’s upper respiratory tract. Then the neck, chest and abdomen of the victim are released from the pressing parts of clothing (unbutton the collar, remove the tie, waist belt, etc.), and lay him on his back on a hard horizontal surface. His head should be thrown back and his lower jaw should be pushed forward. After this, you should begin to blow air from your mouth into the victim’s mouth or nose covered with a handkerchief. Such injections are performed approximately 16 times per minute. It is necessary to ensure that after each artificial “breath” the victim’s chest drops. The duration of such an “exhalation” should be approximately twice as long as the “inhalation”.

Positive results are obtained by combining this technique with the so-called indirect cardiac massage. With this combination, after one blowing of air into the lungs, four to five quick push-like pressures are applied to the lower third of the sternum in a direction perpendicular to the spine, displacing it in adults by 4-5 cm, and in young children by 1.5-2 cm, at a rhythm of 70 - 90 pressures per minute. After four to five pressures, air is again blown into the victim’s mouth or nose, etc.

Resuscitation can be performed by two people: one blows air, and the other performs indirect cardiac massage.

Each of you must practically master these resuscitation techniques.

■ Droplet infection. Dust infection. Clinical death. Resuscitation.

? 1. What causes the flu and how is this disease transmitted from sick people to healthy people? 2. What causes tuberculosis? 3. Why was tuberculosis widespread in Tsarist Russia? 4. Why did the incidence of tuberculosis in the USSR sharply decrease? 5. What personal hygiene measures must be observed to prevent infection with airborne diseases? 6. Why do you need to deal with dust? 7. How do you deal with dust at home and at work? 8. How does smoking affect the respiratory system? 9. Why can’t the body’s vital functions be restored 5 minutes after breathing has completely stopped?

Airborne diseases are especially dangerous to health. After all, in order to become infected with a particular disease, a person only needs to stand next to the carrier of the infection for some time.

What disease can be contracted through atmospheric air: influenza

As a rule, such an acute illness is characterized by intoxication of the body, as well as damage to the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract. This virus is transmitted through the air and immediately multiplies in the cells of a healthy body, as a result of which the latter becomes ill. The latent incubation period of influenza ranges from several hours to several days. An uncomplicated virus disappears after five to six days. However, complete recovery of a person occurs only after two weeks. As a result of untimely treatment, such a disease can cause inflammation of the middle ear, laryngitis, pneumonia, as well as individual (soft) membranes of the brain.

What disease can be infected through atmospheric air: adenoviral infection

The incubation period for this disease lasts approximately 1 week. Thus, a person immediately develops a high temperature, conjunctivitis of the eyes appears, and

What disease can be contracted through atmospheric air: whooping cough

The causative agent of this infection is a bacillus (whooping cough), which quickly dies when it enters the external environment. The course of the disease is cyclical. In other words, a person who has become infected with such a disease experiences a strictly sequential development of periods:

1. Incubation period is from two to fourteen days.
2. Catarrhal - from the first or second week. This period is characterized by malaise and cough, which is significantly worse in the late evening.
3. Spasmodic - from the second or eighth week. The cough becomes convulsive with attacks.
4. After forty days a person is not contagious.

Complications due to whooping cough can manifest themselves in the form of severe spasmodic cough, nosebleeds, conjunctivitis of the eyes, frequent urinary incontinence from the anus, and it is also worth noting that young children have the following features during the course of this disease:

• the catarrhal and latent period of the disease is quite short (two or three days);
• There is no coughing attack typical for whooping cough, but there is still a slight cough.

What disease can be contracted through atmospheric air: diphtheria

The causative agent of this disease is aerobic bacillus. This infection can reach the mucous membrane of the nose, throat or eyes of a healthy person.

Diphtheria is localized in the form of plaque on the tonsils, palate, tongue and pharynx. Symptoms of this disease are high fever, weakness, headache, sleep disturbance and appetite disturbance.

Also signs of diphtheria are swelling of the tonsils and pharynx, significant ashy deposits and musty breath. With this disease, a film and significant swelling are formed on the mucous membranes, which lead to a narrowing of the lumen of the throat, which makes it difficult for a person to breathe. In this case, diphtheria croup may occur.

Airborne diseases: scarlet fever

As a rule, he gets sick after using the patient’s things or bedding, as well as through toys (in the case of children).

The incubation period for such a severe disease lasts from one to twelve days. A person develops chills, a rash, as well as a high fever and sore throat.

With such an infection, the patient may develop complications in the form of disorders in the cardiovascular system, inflammation of the kidneys, middle ear, and exacerbation of existing diseases.

It is also worth noting that such scourges that are transmitted through ordinary air and household items include measles, rubella, and mumps, which is often called mumps in common people. These diseases are extremely life-threatening. That is why, if a person is suspected of having any of them, he should be immediately quarantined and given proper treatment.

Thus, if you go to the hospital in a timely manner, you can avoid not only complications of the disease, but also its spread among the relatives and people around the patient.